Efficient oxidative coupling of methane processes and systems

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) systems for small scale and world scale production of olefins. An OCM system may comprise an OCM subsystem that generates a product stream comprising C 2+  compounds and non-C 2+  impurities from methane and an oxidizing agent. At least one separations subsystem downstream of, and fluidically coupled to, the OCM subsystem can be used to separate the non-C 2+  impurities from the C 2+  compounds. A methanation subsystem downstream and fluidically coupled to the OCM subsystem can be used to react H 2  with CO and/or CO 2  in the non-C 2+  impurities to generate methane, which can be recycled to the OCM subsystem. The OCM system can be integrated in a non-OCM system, such as a natural gas liquids system or an existing ethylene cracker.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/789,953, field Jul. 1, 2015, which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/134,508, filed Mar. 17, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/152,706, filed Apr. 24, 2015, each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The modern petrochemical industry makes extensive use of cracking and fractionation technology to produce and separate various desirable compounds from crude oil. Cracking and fractionation operations are energy intensive and generate considerable quantities of greenhouse gases.

The gradual depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves and the commensurate increase in petroleum prices may place extraordinary pressure on refiners to minimize losses and improve efficiency when producing products from existing feedstocks, and also to seek viable alternative feedstocks capable of providing affordable hydrocarbon intermediates and liquid fuels to downstream consumers.

Methane may provide an attractive alternative feedstock for the production of hydrocarbon intermediates and liquid fuels due to its widespread availability and relatively low cost when compared to crude oil. Worldwide methane reserves may be in the hundreds of years at current consumption rates and new production stimulation technologies may make formerly unattractive methane deposits commercially viable.

Ethylene is an important commodity chemical intermediate. The worldwide production of ethylene exceeds that of any organic compound. Ethylene is used in the production of polyethylene plastics, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, ethylene chloride, ethylbenzene, alpha-olefins, linear alcohols, vinyl acetate, and fuel blendstocks such as, but not limited to, aromatics, alkanes and alkenes. The growth in demand for ethylene and ethylene based derivatives is forecast to increase as the developing world continues to register higher economic growth. The bulk of worldwide annual commercial production of ethylene is based on thermal cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons with stream; the process is commonly called pyrolysis or steam cracking. The feedstocks for steam cracking can be derived either from crude oil (e.g., naphtha) or from associated or natural gas (e.g., ethane, propane, LPG). Ethylene production is primarily limited to high volume production as a commodity chemical in relatively large steam crackers or other petrochemical complexes that also process the large number of other hydrocarbon byproducts generated in the steam cracking process. Producing ethylene from far more abundant and significantly less expensive methane in natural gas provides an attractive alternative to ethylene produced from steam cracking (e.g., naphtha or gaseous feedstocks). Oligomerization processes can be used to further convert ethylene into longer chain hydrocarbons useful as polymer components for plastics, vinyls, and other high value polymeric products. Additionally, these oligomerization processes may be used to convert ethylene to other longer hydrocarbons, such as C₆, C₇, C₈ and longer hydrocarbons useful for fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and blendstocks for these fuels, as well as other high value specialty chemicals.

SUMMARY

Recognized herein is the need for efficient and commercially viable systems and methods for converting methane to higher chain hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbon compounds with two or more carbon atoms (also “C₂₊ compounds” herein), such as olefins and/or alkanes. An oxidative coupling of methane (“OCM”) reaction is a process by which methane can form one or more C₂₊ compounds.

In an OCM process, methane is oxidized to yield products comprising C2+ compounds, including alkanes (e.g., ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc.) and alkenes (e.g., ethylene, propylene, etc.). Such alkane (also “paraffin” herein) products may not be suitable for use in downstream processes. Unsaturated chemical compounds, such as alkenes (or olefins), may be employed for use in downstream processes. Such compounds may be polymerized to yield polymeric materials, which may be employed for use in various commercial settings.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the system comprising: (a) an OCM reactor that reacts oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising (i) compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄), and (ii) carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (b) a cracking vessel in fluid communication with the OCM reactor, wherein the cracking vessel (i) accepts the product stream from the OCM reactor, and (ii) increases a concentration of C₂H₄ and hydrogen (H₂) in the product stream upon cracking ethane (C₂H₆) with the aid of the heat liberated in (a); (c) a separations module in fluid communication with the cracking vessel, wherein the separations module accepts the product stream from the cracking vessel and (i) enriches the C₂H₄ from the product stream, or (ii) oligomerizes the C₂H₄ from the product stream to yield compounds comprising three or more carbon atoms (C³⁻ compounds); and (d) a methanation reactor in fluid communication with the separations module, wherein the methanation reactor reacts H₂ from the product stream with CO or CO₂ from the product stream to form CH₄, wherein the system operates at a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked in (b) is produced in the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked in (b) is inputted to the cracking vessel along a stream external to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is inputted to the cracking vessel is from the separations module. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises CO and CO₂, and wherein at least a portion of the CO and CO₂ from the product stream is methanated in (d). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module enriches the C₂H₄ or the C₃₊ compounds by removing CH₄, H₂, CO or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking vessel is integrated with the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the CH₄ formed in (d) is returned to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reactor is adiabatic. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reactor is substantially adiabatic. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module comprises an ethylene-to-liquids reactor comprising an oligomerization catalyst that oligomerizes the C₂H₄ from the product stream to yield the C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system further comprises a power generation unit in thermal communication with the OCM reactor, wherein the power generation unit converts at least a portion of the heat produced in (a) to power. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises C₂H₆. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises H₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst that converts CO and/or CO₂ into CH₄ at a selectivity for the formation of CH₄ that is at least about 10-fold greater than a selectivity of the catalyst for formation of coke from the CO and/or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking vessel and the methanation reactor convert at least 50% of CH₄ inputted to the OCM reactor to C₂₊ compounds.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the method comprising: (a) in an OCM reactor, reacting oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising (i) compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄), and (ii) carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (b) directing the product stream from the OCM reactor into a cracking vessel, and in the cracking vessel, cracking ethane (C₂H₆) with the aid of the heat liberated in (a), thereby increasing a concentration of C₂H₄ and hydrogen (H₂) in the product stream; (c) directing the product stream from the cracking vessel into a separations module, and in the separations module (i) enriching the C₂H₄ from the product stream, or (ii) oligomerizing the C₂H₄ from the product stream to yield compounds comprising three or more carbon atoms (C₃₊ compounds); and (d) directing H₂ and CO or CO₂ from the product stream from the separations module into a methanation reactor, and in the methanation reactor reacting the H₂ from the product stream with the CO or the CO₂ from the product stream to form CH₄, wherein (a)-(d) are performed at a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked in (b) is produced in the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein,at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked in (b) is inputted to the cracking vessel along a stream external to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least portion of the C₂H₆ that is inputted to the cracking vessel is from the separations module. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises CO and CO₂, and wherein at least a portion of the CO and CO₂ from the product stream is methanated in (d). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module enriches the C₂H₄ or the C₃₊ compounds by removing CH₄, H₂, CO or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking vessel is integrated with the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the CH₄ formed in (d) is returned to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reactor is adiabatic. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module comprises an ethylene-to-liquids reactor comprising an oligomerization catalyst that oligomerizes the C₂H₄ from the product stream to yield the C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the method further comprises using a power generation unit in thermal communication with the OCM reactor to convert at least a portion of the heat produced in (a) to power. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises C₂H₆. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises H₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst that converts CO and/or CO₂ into CH₄ at a selectivity for the formation of CH₄ that is at least about 10-fold greater than a selectivity of the catalyst for formation of coke from the CO and/or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking vessel and the methanation reactor convert at least 50% of CH₄ inputted to the OCM reactor to C₂₊ compounds.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the system comprising: (a) an OCM reactor that reacts oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) in an OCM process that yields compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds) including ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (b) a cracking vessel in fluid communication with the OCM reactor, which cracking vessel reacts ethane (C₂H₆) to form ethylene (C₂H₄) and hydrogen (H₂) with the aid of the heat liberated in (a); (c) a separations module in fluid communication with the cracking vessel, which separation module (i) enriches the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) or (ii) oligomerizes the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) to yield C₃₊ compounds and enriches the C₃₊ compounds; and (d) a methanation reactor in fluid communication with the separations module, which methanation reactor reacts the hydrogen (H₂) produced in (a) and (b) with carbon monoxide (CO) produced in (a) and/or carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced in (a) to form methane (CH₄).

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, least some of the ethane (C₂H₆) that is reacted in (b) is produced in (a). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least some of the ethane that is reacted in (b) is inputted form a source external to OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reactor produces ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced in (a) is methanated in (d). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module separates ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds from methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking vessel is a portion of the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the methane formed in (d) is returned to the OCM reactor or provided for use as sales gas. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reactor has an OCM catalyst. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations module comprises an ethylene-to-liquids (ETL) reactor comprising an oligomerization catalyst. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system further comprises a power generation unit that converts at least some of the heat produced in (a) to power. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system has a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 90%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system has a carbon efficiency of between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system consumes less than about 150, less than about 140, less than about 130, less than about 120, less than about 110, less than about 100, less than about 95, less than about 90, less than about 85, less than about 80, less than about 75, less than about 70, less than about 65, less than about 60, less than about 55, or less than about 50 MMBtu of energy per ton of ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds enriched. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system consumes between about 65 and about 100, between about 70 and about 110, between about 75 and about 120, between about 85 and about 130, between about 40 and about 80, or between about 50 and about 80 MMBtu of energy per ton of ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds enriched. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the amount of energy consumed by the system includes the energy content of the feedstock used to make the ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to yield compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), the method comprising: (a) reacting oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) in an OCM process to yield C₂₊ compounds comprising ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (b) react the heat produced in (a) with ethane (C₂H₆) to form ethylene (C₂H₄) and hydrogen (H₂); (c) performing at least one of (i) enriching the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) and (ii) oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) to yield C₃₊ compounds, and enriching the C₃₊ compounds; and (d) reacting the hydrogen (H₂) produced in (a) and (b) with carbon monoxide (CO) produced in (a) and/or carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced in (a) to form methane (CH₄).

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, (a)-(d) are performed at a specific oxygen consumption that is greater than or equal to about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6 about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, about 3, about 3.2, about 3.4, about 3.6, about 3.8, or about 4.0. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, (a)-(d) are performed at a specific oxygen consumption of between about 1.2 and 2.7, between about 1.5 and 2.5, between about 1.7 and 2.3 or between about 1.9 and 2.1. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, (a)-(d) are performed at a specific CO₂ emission of about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 2.0, about 2.2, about 2.4, about 2.6, about 2.8, about 3.0, about 3.2, about 3.4, or about 3.6. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, (a)-(d) are performed at a specific CO₂ emission of between about 0.5 and about 1.7, between about 0.7 and about 1.4, between about 0.8 and about 1.3 or between about 0.9 and about 1.1. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds comprise at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 10%, at least about 12.5% or at least about 15% C₃₊ hydrocarbons. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the a ratio of the C₂ compounds to the C₃₊ compounds is about 20, about 15, about 10, about 8, about 6 or about 5. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, a ratio of the C₂ compounds to the C₃₊ compounds is between about 5 and about 20, between about 6 and about 10, or between about 8 and about 10.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds) from methane (CH₄), the method comprising: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction to convert methane (CH₄) and oxygen (O₂) into C₂₊ compounds including ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆) as part of a product stream; (b) optionally oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) to produce C₃₊ compounds; and (c) isolating the C₂₊ compounds from the product stream, wherein the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream comprise the ethylene (C₂H₄), the ethane (C₂H₆) and/or the C₃₊ compounds, wherein the C₂₊ compounds are produced and isolated at a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reaction produces ethylene (C₂H₄) and ethane (C₂H₆). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the method further comprises oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) to produce C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds comprise ethylene (C₂H₄), ethane (C₂H₆) and C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream include non-C₂₊ impurities. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream comprise methane, CO, H₂, CO₂ and/or water.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds) from methane (CH₄), the method comprising: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction to convert methane (CH₄) and oxygen (O₂) into C₂₊ compounds comprising ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆) as part of a product stream; (b) optionally oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₆) to produce C₃₊ compounds; and (c) isolating the C₂₊ compounds from the product stream, wherein the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream comprise the ethylene (C₂H₄), the ethane (C₂H₆) and/or the C₃₊ compounds, wherein the C₂₊ compounds are produced and isolated at an energy consumption that is less than about 200 MMBtu of energy per ton of the C²⁻ compounds isolated.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the energy consumption includes the energy content of the feedstock used to make the isolated C₂₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the method consumes less than about 150, less than about 140, less than about 130, less than about 120, less than about 110, less than about 100, less than about 95, less than about 90, less than about 85, less than about 80, less than about 75, less than about 70, less than about 65, less than about 60, less than about 55, or less than about 50 MMBtu of energy per ton of C₂₊ compounds isolated. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the energy consumption is between about 65 and about 100, between about 70 and about 110, between about 75 and about 120, between about 85 and about 130, between about 40 and about 80, or between about 50 and about 80 MMBtu of energy per ton of C₂₊ compounds isolated. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the OCM reaction produces ethylene (C₂H₄) and ethane (C₂H₆). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the method further comprises oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) to produce C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds comprise ethylene (C₂H₄), ethane (C₂H₆) and C₃₊ compounds. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream include non-C₂₊ impurities. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ compounds isolated from the product stream comprise methane, CO, H₂, CO₂ and/or water.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds) from methane (CH₄), the method comprising performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using an OCM catalyst at a set of reaction conditions to convert methane (CH₄) into ethylene (C₂H₄), wherein the OCM catalyst has a C₂₊ selectivity at the set of reaction conditions that is less than a carbon efficiency at the set of reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the set of reaction conditions comprise a temperature, a pressure, a methane to oxygen ratio and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ selectivity is at most about 70%, at most about 65%, at most about 60%, at most about 55%, at most about 50%, at most about 45%, at most about 40%, or at most about 35%.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds) from methane (CH₄), the method comprising: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using an OCM catalyst at a set of reaction conditions to convert methane (CH₄) into ethylene (C₂H₄) and ethane (C₂H₆); and (b) cracking the ethane (C₂H₆) to produce additional ethylene (C₂H₄), wherein a combined carbon efficiency of (a) and (b) is greater than a C₂₊ selectivity of the OCM catalyst at the set of reaction conditions.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the set of reaction conditions comprise a temperature, a pressure, a methane to oxygen ratio and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the carbon efficiency is between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the C₂₊ selectivity is at most about 70%, at most about 65%, at most about 60%, at most about 55%, at most about 50%, at most about 45%, at most about 40%, or at most about 35%.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing compounds comprising two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), the method comprising: (a) providing a first stream comprising methane (CH₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆); (b) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction on the first stream to produce an OCM product comprising ethylene (C₂H₄); (c) combining the OCM product with a second stream comprising C₂H₆ to produce a third stream; and (d) subjecting the third stream to cracking to produce a fourth stream comprising C₂H₄, wherein C₂H₄ in the fourth stream includes C₂H₄ produced in (b).

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, a fraction of the C₂H₄ in the fourth stream that is derived from C₂H₆ in the first stream or second stream is at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, at least about 7%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, a molar ratio (%) of C₂H₆ in the first and second streams is at least about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, combined moles of the ethane (C₂H₆) in the first stream and second stream divided by combined moles of the first stream and the second stream is between about 1% and about 50%, between about 1% and about 40%, between about 1% and about 30%, between about 1% and about 20%, between about 1% and about 15%, between about 1% and about 10%, or between about 10% and about 50%. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the first stream is natural gas. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the first stream is natural gas supplemented with C₂H₆. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, a molar ratio (%) of methane (CH₄) to ethane (C₂H₆) in the first stream is at least about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15%, or about 20%.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the system comprising: an OCM reactor that reacts oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising (i) compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄), and (ii) carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; a cracking vessel in fluid communication with the OCM reactor, wherein the cracking vessel (i) accepts the product stream from the OCM reactor, and (ii) increases a concentration of C₂H₄ and hydrogen (H₂) in the product stream upon cracking ethane (C₂H₆) with the aid of the heat liberated in (a); a separations module in fluid communication with the cracking vessel, wherein the separations module accepts the product stream from the cracking vessel and (i) enriches the C₂H₄ from the product stream, or (ii) oligomerizes the C₂H₄ from the product stream to yield compounds comprising three or more carbon atoms (C₃₊ compounds); and a methanation reactor in fluid communication with the separations module, wherein the methanation reactor reacts H₂ from the product stream with CO or CO₂ from the product stream to form CH₄; wherein the CH₄ reacted in OCM process is provided at least in part by a feed stream comprising natural gas processed by the separations module prior to the OCM process.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the feed stream comprises pipeline natural gas.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the method comprising: (a) providing a system comprising a substantially adiabatic OCM reactor, a cracking unit, a compressor, a separations unit, and a methanation reactor that are in fluid communication with one another; (b) directing oxygen (O₂) and methane (CH₄) into the OCM reactor that reacts the O₂ and CH₄ in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising (i) compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄), and (ii) carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (c) directing the product stream from the OCM reactor and ethane from an ethane stream external to the OCM reactor into the cracking unit that cracks ethane (C₂H₆) with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (b), thereby increasing a concentration of C₂H₄ and hydrogen (H₂) in the product stream; (d) directing the product stream from the cracking unit into the compressor that increases a pressure of the product stream with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (b); (e) directing the product stream from the compressor into the separations unit that enriches the C₂H₄ in the product stream with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (b); and (f) directing H₂ and CO or CO₂ from the product stream from the separations unit into the methanation reactor that reacts the H₂ from the product stream with the CO or CO₂ from the product stream to form CH₄, wherein a ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.50.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons includes at least a portion of the C₂₊ compounds and excludes CO and CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the all carbon atoms input to the system includes the CH₄ directed into the OCM reactor in (b) and the ethane stream external to the OCM reactor directed into the cracking unit in (c). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked in (b) is produced in the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least portion of the ethane stream is from the separations unit. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises CO and CO₂, and wherein at least a portion of the CO and CO₂ from the product stream is methanated in (f). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations unit enriches the C₂₊ compounds by removing CH₄, H₂, CO or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking unit is integrated with the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking unit adiabatically cracks C₂H₆. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the CH₄ formed in (f) is returned to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the method further comprises using a power generation unit in thermal communication with the OCM reactor to convert at least a portion of the heat produced in (b) to power. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises C₂H₆ and H₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methane in (b) and the ethane in (c) are derived from natural gas that is initially directed into the compressor at (d) or the separations unit at (e). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst that converts CO and/or CO₂ into CH₄ at a selectivity for the formation of CH₄ that is at least about 10-fold greater than a selectivity of the catalyst for formation of coke from the CO and/or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least 90% of energy used to perform operations (b) through (f) is derived from the heat liberated in (b). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.55. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.60. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.65. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.70. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.75. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.80. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.85. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.90. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.95.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a system for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), the system comprising: (a) a substantially adiabatic OCM reactor that receives oxygen (O₂) and methane (CH₄) and reacts the O₂ and CH₄ in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising (i) compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄), and (ii) carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂), wherein the OCM process liberates heat; (b) a cracking unit in fluid communication with the OCM reactor that (i) accepts the product stream from the OCM reactor, (ii) accepts ethane from an ethane stream external to the OCM reactor, and (iii) increases a concentration of C₂H₄ and hydrogen (H₂) in the product stream upon cracking ethane (C₂H₆) with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (a); (c) a compressor in fluid communication with the cracking unit that receives the product stream from the cracking unit and increases a pressure of the product stream with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (a); (d) a separations unit in fluid communication with the compressor that accepts the product stream from the compressor and enriches the C₂H₄ in the product stream, wherein the separations unit operates with the aid of energy derived from the heat liberated in (a); and (e) a methanation unit in fluid communication with the separations unit that accepts H₂ and CO or CO₂ from the product stream and reacts the H₂ from the product stream with the CO or CO₂ from the product stream to form CH₄, wherein a ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system, is at least about 0.50.

In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons includes at least a portion of the C₂₊ compounds and excludes CO and CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the all carbon atoms input to the system includes the CH₄ directed into the OCM reactor in (a) and the ethane stream external to the OCM reactor directed into the cracking unit in (b). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the C₂H₆ that is cracked by the cracking unit is produced in the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the ethane stream is from the separations unit. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises CO and CO₂, and wherein at least a portion of the CO and CO₂ from the product stream is methanated in (e). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the separations unit enriches the C₂₊ compounds by removing CH₄, H₂, CO or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking unit is integrated with the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the cracking unit adiabatically cracks C₂H₆. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least a portion of the CH₄ formed in (e) is returned to the OCM reactor. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the system further comprises a power generation unit in thermal communication with the OCM reactor, wherein the power generation unit uses at least a portion of the heat produced in (a) to generate power. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the product stream comprises C₂H₆ and H₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methane in (a) and the ethane in (b) are derived from natural gas that is initially directed into the compressor at (c) or the separations unit at (d). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst that converts CO and/or CO₂ into CH₄ at a selectivity for the formation of CH₄ that is at least about 10-fold greater than a selectivity of the catalyst for formation of coke from the CO and/or CO₂. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, at least 90% of energy used to operate the system is derived from the heat liberated in (a). In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.55. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.60. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.65. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.70. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.75. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.80. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.85. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.90. In some embodiments of aspects provided herein, the ratio of (i) all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to (ii) all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.95.

Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings or figures (also “FIG.” and “FIGs.” herein), of which:

FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram of a system that is configured to generate olefins, such as ethylene;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) system for small scale olefin production;

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of a system that comprises a hydrogenation unit and a deethanizer unit, which can be employed for small scale and world scale olefin production;

FIG. 4 is process flow diagram of a sulfur removal system for small scale olefin production;

FIG. 5 shows a process flow diagram of a sulfur removal system for world scale olefin production;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show methanation systems that can be used with systems of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows an example of a methanation system for OCM;

FIGS. 8A and 8B show an OCM system for world scale olefin production;

FIG. 9 shows a separation system that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 shows another separation system that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 shows another separation system that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 shows another separation system that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 shows a heat recovery steam generator system;

FIG. 14 shows an example of an OCM system that produces power;

FIG. 15 shows an example of an OCM process with fresh ethane feed and no sales gas export;

FIG. 16 shows an example of an ethane skimmer implementation of OCM;

FIG. 17 shows a system comprising an existing natural gas liquids (NGL)/gas processing plant that has been retrofitted with an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) system for small scale and world scale olefin production (e.g., ethylene production);

FIG. 18 shows an example of integration of OCM with an ethylene plant.

FIG. 19 shows an example of integration of an OCM process with a naphtha cracker;

FIG. 20 shows a computer system that is programmed or otherwise configured to regulate OCM reactions;

FIG. 21 shows a schematic overview of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 22 shows a photograph of a formed OCM catalyst;

FIG. 23 shows a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an OCM catalyst;

FIG. 24 shows another SEM of an OCM catalyst;

FIG. 25 shows an example of a temperature profile of an OCM reactor;

FIG. 26 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 27 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 28 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 29 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 30 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 31 shows a process flow diagram of a portion of an implementation of OCM;

FIG. 32 shows a block flow diagram of an OCM process that includes ethane conversion, separations and methanation; and

FIG. 33A shows a process block flow diagram with feeds and products; FIG. 33B shows a process block flow diagram with carbon utilization.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

The term “higher hydrocarbon,” as used herein, generally refers to a higher molecular weight and/or higher chain hydrocarbon. A higher hydrocarbon can have a higher molecular weight and/or carbon content that is higher or larger relative to starting material in a given process (e.g., OCM or ETL). A higher hydrocarbon can be a higher molecular weight and/or chain hydrocarbon product that is generated in an OCM or ETL process. For example, ethylene is a higher hydrocarbon product relative to methane in an OCM process. As another example, a C₃₊ hydrocarbon is a higher hydrocarbon relative to ethylene in an ETL process. As another example, a C₅₊ hydrocarbon is a higher hydrocarbon relative to ethylene in an ETL process. In some cases, a higher hydrocarbon is a higher molecular weight hydrocarbon.

The term “OCM process,” as used herein, generally refers to a process that employs or substantially employs an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction. An OCM reaction can include the oxidation of methane to a higher hydrocarbon and water, and involves an exothermic reaction. In an OCM reaction, methane can be partially oxidized and coupled to form one or more C₂₊ compounds, such as ethylene. In an example, an OCM reaction is 2CH₄+O₂→C₂H₄+2H₂O. An OCM reaction can yield C₂₊ compounds. An OCM reaction can be facilitated by a catalyst, such as a heterogeneous catalyst. Additional by-products of OCM reactions can include CO, CO₂, H₂, as well as hydrocarbons, such as, for example, ethane, propane, propene, butane, butene, and the like.

The term “non-OCM process,” as used herein, generally refers to a process that does not employ or substantially employ an oxidative coupling of methane reaction. Examples of processes that may be non-OCM processes include non-OCM hydrocarbon processes, such as, for example, non-OCM processes employed in hydrocarbon processing in oil refineries, a natural gas liquids separations processes, steam cracking of ethane, steam cracking or naphtha, Fischer-Tropsch processes, and the like.

The terms “C²⁻” and “C₂₊ compound,” as used herein, generally refer to a compound comprising two or more carbon atoms. For example, C₂₊ compounds include, without limitation, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics containing two or more carbon atoms. C₂₊ compounds can include aldehydes, ketones, esters and carboxylic acids. Examples of C₂₊ compounds include ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, propene, butane, and butene.

The term “non-C₂₊ impurities,” as used herein, generally refers to material that does not include C₂₊ compounds. Examples of non-C₂₊ impurities, which may be found in certain OCM reaction product streams, include nitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H₂) carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄).

The term “small scale,” as used herein, generally refers to a system that generates less than or equal to about 250 kilotons per annum (KTA) of a given product, such as an olefin (e.g., ethylene).

The term “world scale,” as used herein, generally refers to a system that generates greater than about 250 KTA of a given product, such as an olefin (e.g., ethylene). In some examples, a world scale olefin system generates at least about 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, or 1600 KTA of an olefin.

The term “item of value,” as used herein, generally refers to money, credit, a good or commodity (e.g., hydrocarbon). An item of value can be traded for another item of value.

The term “carbon efficiency,” as used herein, generally refers to the ratio of the number of moles of carbon present in all process input streams (in some cases including all carbon atoms, including those in hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as, e.g., natural gas and ethane and fuel streams) to the number of moles of carbon present in all commercially (or industrially) usable or marketable products of the process (in some cases including all carbon atoms in hydrocarbon products in all process output streams). Such products can include hydrocarbons that can be employed for various downstream uses, such as petrochemical or for use as commodity chemicals. Such products can exclude CO and CO₂. The products of the process can be marketable products, such as C₂₊ hydrocarbon products containing at least about 99% C₂₊ hydrocarbons and all sales gas or pipeline gas products containing at least about 90% methane. Process input streams can include input streams providing power for the operation of the process. In some cases, power for the operation of the process can be provided by heat liberated by an OCM reaction.

The term “C₂₊ selectivity,” as used herein, generally refers to the percentage of the moles of methane that are converted into C₂₊ compounds.

The term “specific oxygen consumption,” as used herein, generally refers to the mass (or weight) of oxygen consumed by a process divided by the mass of C₂₊ compounds produced by the process.

The term “specific CO₂ emission,” as used herein, generally refers to the mass of CO₂ emitted from the process divided by the mass of C₂₊ compounds produced by the process. OCM Processes

In an OCM process, methane (CH₄) reacts with an oxidizing agent over a catalyst bed to generate C₂₊ compounds. For example, methane can react with oxygen over a suitable catalyst to generate ethylene, e.g., 2CH₄+O₂→C₂H₄+2H₂O (See, e.g., Zhang, Q., Journal of Natural Gas Chem., 12:81, 2003; Olah, G. “Hydrocarbon Chemistry”, Ed. 2, John Wiley & Sons (2003)). This reaction is exothermic (ΔH=−67kcals/mole) and has typically been shown to occur at very high temperatures (e.g., >450° C. or >700° C.). Non-selective reactions that can occur include (a) CH₄+2O₂→CO₂+2H₂O and (b) CH₄+1/2O₂→CO+2H₂. These non-selective reactions are also exothermic, with reaction heats of −891 kJ/mol and −36 kJ/mol respectively. The conversion of methane to COx products is undesirable due to both heat management and carbon efficiency concerns.

Experimental evidence suggests that free radical chemistry is involved. (Lunsford, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1991; H. Lunsford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 34:970, 1995). In the reaction, methane (CH₄) is activated on the catalyst surface, forming methyl radicals which then couples in the gas phase to form ethane (C₂H₆), followed by dehydrogenation to ethylene (C₂H₄). The OCM reaction pathway can have a heterogeneous/homogeneous mechanism, which involves free radical chemistry. Experimental evidence has shown that an oxygen active site on the catalyst activates the methane, removes a single hydrogen atom and creates a methyl radical. Methyl radicals react in the gas phase to produce ethane, which is either oxidative or non-oxidatively dehydrogenated to ethylene. The main reactions in this pathway can be as follows: (a) CH₄+O⁻→CH₃*+OH⁻; (b) 2CH₃*→C₂H₆; (c) C₂H₆+O⁻→C₂H₄+H₂O. In some cases, to improve the reaction yield, ethane can be introduced downstream of the OCM catalyst bed and thermally dehydrogenated via the following reaction: C₂H₆→C₂H₄+H₂. This reaction is endothermic (ΔH=−144 kJ/mol), which can utilize the exothermic reaction heat produced during methane conversion. Combining these two reactions in one vessel can increase thermal efficiency while simplifying the process.

Several catalysts have shown activity for OCM, including various forms of iron oxide, V₂O₅, MoO₃, Co₃O₄, Pt—Rh, Li/ZrO₂, Ag—Au, Au/Co₃O₄, Co/Mn, CeO₂, MgO, La₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, Na₂WO₄, MnO, ZnO, and combinations thereof, on various supports. A number of doping elements have also proven to be useful in combination with the above catalysts.

Since the OCM reaction was first reported over thirty years ago, it has been the target of intense scientific and commercial interest, but the fundamental limitations of the conventional approach to C—H bond activation appear to limit the yield of this attractive reaction under practical operating conditions. Specifically, numerous publications from industrial and academic labs have consistently demonstrated characteristic performance of high selectivity at low conversion of methane, or low selectivity at high conversion (J. A. Labinger, Cat. Lett., 1:371, 1988). Limited by this conversion/selectivity threshold, no OCM catalyst has been able to exceed 20-25% combined C₂ yield (i.e., ethane and ethylene), and more importantly, all such reported yields operate at extremely high temperatures (>800° C.). Novel catalysts and processes have been described for use in performing OCM in the production of ethylene from methane at substantially more practicable temperatures, pressures and catalyst activities. These are described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2012/0041246, 2013/0023079, 2013/165728, 2014/0012053 and 2014/0018589, the full disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

An OCM reactor can include a catalyst that facilitates an OCM process. The catalyst may include a compound including at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, and a rare-earth metal. The catalyst may be in the form of a honeycomb, packed bed, or fluidized bed. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the OCM catalyst in at least a portion of the OCM reactor can include one or more OCM catalysts and/or nanostructure-based OCM catalyst compositions, forms and formulations described in, for example, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2012/0041246, 2013/0023709, 2013/0158322, 2013/0165728, 2014/0181877 and 2014/0274671, each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. Using one or more nanostructure-based OCM catalysts within the OCM reactor, the selectivity of the catalyst in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds can be about 10% or greater; about 20% or greater; about 30% or greater; about 40% or greater; about 50% or greater; about 60% or greater; about 65% or greater; about 70% or greater; about 75% or greater; about 80% or greater; or about 90% or greater.

In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 20% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 30% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 40% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 50% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 60% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 70% to about 90%. In some cases, the selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds is from about 80% to about 90%. The selectivity of an OCM process in converting methane to desirable C₂₊ compounds can be about 10% or greater; about 20% or greater; about 30% or greater; about 40% or greater; about 50% or greater; about 60% or greater; about 65% or greater; about 70% or greater; about 75% or greater; about 80% or greater; or about 90% or greater.

An OCM process can be characterized by a methane conversion fraction. For example, from about 5% to about 50% of methane in an OCM process feed stream can be converted to higher hydrocarbon products. In some cases, about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of methane in an OCM process feed stream is converted to higher hydrocarbon products. In some cases, at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of methane in an OCM process feed stream is converted to higher hydrocarbon products. In some cases, at most about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of methane in an OCM process feed stream is converted to higher hydrocarbon products.

An OCM reactor can be sized, shaped, configured, and/or selected based upon the need to dissipate the heat generated by the OCM reaction. In some embodiments, multiple, tubular, fixed bed reactors can be arranged in parallel to facilitate heat removal. At least a portion of the heat generated within the OCM reactor can be recovered, for example the heat can be used to generate high temperature and/or pressure steam. Where co-located with processes requiring a heat input, at least a portion of the heat generated within the OCM reactor may be transferred, for example, using a heat transfer fluid, to the co-located processes. Where no additional use exists for the heat generated within the OCM reactor, the heat can be released to the environment, for example, using a cooling tower or similar evaporative cooling device. In some embodiments, an adiabatic fixed bed reactor system can be used and the subsequent heat can be utilized directly to convert or crack alkanes into olefins. In some embodiments, a fluidized bed reactor system can be utilized. OCM reactor systems useful in the context of the present invention may include those described in, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/900,898 (filed May 23, 2013), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/592,668 (filed Jan. 8, 2015), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The methane feedstock for an OCM reactor can be provided from various sources, such as non-OCM processes. In an example, methane is provided through natural gas, such as methane generated in a natural gas liquids (NGL) system.

Methane can be combined with a recycle stream from downstream separation units prior to or during introduction into an OCM reactor. In the OCM reactor, methane can catalytically react with an oxidizing agent to yield C₂₊ compounds. The oxidizing agent can be oxygen (O₂), which may be provided by way of air or enriched air. Oxygen can be extracted from air, for example, in a cryogenic air separation unit. Oxygen can be partially extracted from air, for example, in a vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) unit.

To carry out an OCM reaction in conjunction with some catalytic systems, the methane and oxygen containing gases generally need to be brought up to appropriate reaction temperatures, e.g., typically in excess of 450° C. for some catalytic OCM processes, before being introduced to the catalyst, in order to allow initiation of the OCM reaction. Once that reaction begins or “lights off,” then the heat of the reaction is typically sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature at appropriate levels. Additionally, these processes may operate at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, such as in the range of about 1 to 30 bars (absolute).

In some cases, the oxidizing agent and/or methane are pre-conditioned prior to, or during, the OCM process. The reactant gases can be pre-conditioned prior to their introduction into a catalytic reactor or reactor bed, in a safe and efficient manner. Such pre-conditioning can include (i) mixing of reactant streams, such as a methane-containing stream and a stream of an oxidizing agent (e.g., oxygen) in an OCM reactor or prior to directing the streams to the OCM reactor, (ii) heating or pre-heating the methane-containing stream and/or the stream of the oxidizing agent using, for example, heat from the OCM reactor, or (iii) a combination of mixing and pre-heating. Such pre-conditioning can minimize, if not eliminate auto-ignition of methane and the oxidizing agent. Systems and methods for pre-conditioning reactant gases are described in, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/553,795, filed Nov. 25, 2014, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

A wide set of competitive reactions can occur simultaneously or substantially simultaneously with the OCM reaction, including total combustion of both methane and other partial oxidation products. An OCM process can yield C₂₊ compounds as well as non-C₂₊ impurities. The C₂₊ compounds can include a variety of hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbons with saturated or unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Saturated hydrocarbons can include alkanes, such as ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons may be more suitable for use in downstream non-OCM processes, such as the manufacture of polymeric materials (e.g., polyethylene). Accordingly, at least some, all or substantially all of the alkanes in the C₂₊ compounds may be converted to compounds with unsaturated moieties, such as alkenes, alkynes, alkoxides, ketones, including aromatic variants thereof.

Once formed, C₂₊ compounds can be subjected to further processing to generate desired or otherwise predetermined chemicals. In some situations, the alkane components of the C₂₊ compounds are subjected to cracking in an OCM reactor or a reactor downstream of the OCM reactor to yield other compounds, such as alkenes (or olefins). See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/553,795, filed Nov. 25, 2014, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

The OCM effluent can be cooled after the conversion to ethylene has taken place. The cooling can take place within a portion of the OCM reactor and/or downstream of the OCM reactor (e.g., using at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more heat exchangers). In some cases, a heat exchanger is a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Cooling the OCM effluent suitably rapidly and to a suitably low temperature can prevent undesirable reactions from occurring with the OCM effluent, including, but not limited to the formation of coke or other by-products.

In some embodiments, the OCM effluent is cooled to a target temperature of equal to or less than about 700° C., equal to or less than about 650° C., equal to or less than about 600° C., equal to or less than about 550° C., equal to or less than about 500° C., equal to or less than about 450° C., equal to or less than about 400° C., equal to or less than about 350° C., equal to or less than about 300° C., equal to or less than about 250° C., or equal to or less than about 200° C. In some cases, the OCM effluent is cooled to the target temperature within about 1 second, within about 900 milliseconds (ms), within about 800 ms, within about 700 ms, within about 600 ms, within about 500 ms, within about 400 ms, within about 300 ms, within about 200 ms, within about 100 ms, within about 80 ms, within about 60 ms, within about 40 ms, or within about 20 ms of the production of the desired or otherwise predetermined concentration of ethylene in the OCM reaction.

In some situations, an OCM system generates ethylene that can be subjected to further processing to generate different hydrocarbons with the aid of conversion processes (or systems). Such a process can be part of an ethylene to liquids (ETL) process flow comprising one or more OCM reactors, separations units, and one or more conversion processes for generating higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. The conversion processes can be integrated in a switchable or selectable manner in which at least a portion or all of the ethylene containing product can be selectively directed to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more different process paths to yield as many different hydrocarbon products. An example OCM and ETL (collectively “OCM-ETL” herein) is provided in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0171707, filed on Dec. 6, 2013, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

The systems and methods of the present disclosure are carbon-efficient and/or energy-efficient. In some cases, the systems and methods combine OCM reaction, post-bed cracking (PBC), separations and methanation. The separations can include oligomerization of ethylene to C3+ compounds, which are more easily separated as described in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/010525, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional details of OCM reactor and process design can be found in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/057465 and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/010688, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In an aspect, provided herein is a method for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The method can comprise (a) reacting oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) to form heat, ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂); (b) reacting the heat produced in (a) with ethane (C₂H₆) to form ethylene (C₂H₄) and hydrogen (H₂); (c) performing at least one of (i) enriching the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) or (ii) oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in (a) and (b) to produce C₃₊ compounds and enriching the C₃₊ compounds; and (d) reacting the hydrogen (H₂) produced in (a) and (b) with carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form methane (CH₄).

In another aspect, provided herein is a system for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The system comprises an OCM reactor that reacts oxygen (O₂) with methane (CH₄) to form heat, ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂). The system further comprises a cracking vessel in fluid communication with the OCM reactor, which cracking vessel reacts the heat produced in the OCM reactor with ethane (C₂H₆) to form ethylene (C₂H₄) and hydrogen (H₂). The system further comprises a separations module in fluid communication with the cracking vessel, which separation module (i) enriches the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in the OCM reactor and the cracking vessel or (ii) oligomerizes the ethylene (C₂H₄) produced in the OCM reactor and the cracking vessel to produce C₃₊ compounds and enriches the C₃₊ compounds. The system further comprises a methanation reactor in fluid communication with the separations module, which methanation reactor reacts the hydrogen (H₂) produced in the OCM reactor and the cracking vessel with carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form methane (CH₄).

In some cases, the ethane (C₂H₆) that is cracked in the cracking vessel was produced in the OCM reactor. In some instances, at least some of the ethane (C₂H₆) that is cracked is in addition to the ethane (C₂H₆) that was produced in the OCM reactor.

In some cases, the OCM reactor produces ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). In some cases, the carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced in the OCM reactor is methanated.

The separations module can separate ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds from methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂).

In some instances, the cracking vessel is a portion of the OCM reactor.

The methane formed in the methanation reactor can be returned to the OCM reactor or sold as sales gas.

In some embodiments, the OCM reactor has an OCM catalyst. In some embodiments, the methanation reactor has a methanation catalyst. In some embodiments, the separations module comprises an ethylene-to-liquids (ETL) reactor comprising an oligomerization catalyst. At least some of the heat produced in the OCM reactor can be converted to power.

In another aspect, described herein is a method for producing C₂₊ compounds from methane (CH₄). The method can comprise: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction which converts methane (CH₄) and oxygen (O₂) into ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆); (b) optionally oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₄) to produce C₃₊ compounds; and (c) isolating the C₂₊ compounds, wherein the C₂₊ compounds comprise the ethylene (C₂H₄), the ethane (C₂H₆) and/or the C₃₊ compounds, where the method has a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%. In some cases, the isolated the C₂₊ compounds are not pure. In some cases, the isolated the C₂₊ compounds comprise methane, CO, H₂, CO₂ and/or water.

In some cases, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 90%. In some cases, a system of the present disclosure or method for use thereof has a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system of at least about 0.4, at least about 0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.90, or at least about 0.95.

In some cases, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a carbon efficiency of between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some cases, a system of the present disclosure or method for use thereof has a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system of between about 0.50 and about 0.85, between about 0.55 and about 0.80, between about 0.60 and about 0.80, between about 0.65 and about 0.85, between about 0.65 and about 0.80, or between about 0.70 and about 0.80.

In some cases, the systems or methods of the present disclosure consume less than about 150, less than about 140, less than about 130, less than about 120, less than about 110, less than about 100, less than about 95, less than about 90, less than about 85, less than about 80, less than about 75, less than about 70, less than about 65, less than about 60, less than about 55, or less than about 50 million British Thermal Units (MMBtu) of energy per ton of ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds enriched. In some cases, the amount of energy consumed by the system includes the energy content of the feedstock used to make the ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds.

In some cases, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have consume between about 65 and about 100, between about 70 and about 110, between about 75 and about 120, between about 85 and about 130, between about 40 and about 80, or between about 50 and about 80 MMBtu of energy per ton of ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds enriched. In some cases, the amount of energy consumed by the system includes the energy content of the feedstock used to make the ethylene (C₂H₄) or C₃₊ compounds.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a specific oxygen consumption of about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6 about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, about 3, about 3.2, about 3.4, about 3.6, about 3.8, or about 4.0.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a specific oxygen consumption of between about 1.2 and about 2.7, between about 1.5 and about 2.5, between about 1.7 and about 2.3 or between about 1.9 and about 2.1.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a specific CO₂ emission of about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 2.0, about 2.2, about 2.4, about 2.6, about 2.8, about 3.0, about 3.2, about 3.4, or about 3.6.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure have a specific CO₂ emission of between about 0.5 and about 1.7, between about 0.7 and about 1.4, between about 0.8 and about 1.3 or between about 0.9 and about 1.1.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure produces C₂₊ products, and the C₂₊ products comprise at least about 2.5%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 7.5%, at least about 10%, at least about 12.5% or at least about 15% C₃₊ hydrocarbons.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure produces C₂ products and C₃₊ products, and the ratio of the C₂ products to the C₃₊ products is about 20, about 15, about 10, about 8, about 6 or about 5.

In some embodiments, the systems or methods of the present disclosure produces C₂ products and C₃₊ products, and the ratio of the C₂ products to the C₃₊ products is between about 5 and about 20, between about 6 and about 10, or between about 8 and about 10.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for producing C₂₊ compounds from methane (CH₄), the method comprising: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction which converts methane (CH₄) and oxygen (O₂) into ethylene (C₂H₄) and optionally ethane (C₂H₆); (b) optionally oligomerizing the ethylene (C₂H₆) to produce C₃₊ compounds; and (c) isolating the C₂₊ compounds, wherein the C₂₊ compounds comprise the ethylene (C₂H₄), the ethane (C₂H₆) and/or the C₃₊ compounds, where the method consumes less than about 100 MMBtu of energy per ton of the C₂₊ compounds isolated. In some cases, the amount of energy consumed by the system includes the energy content of the feedstock used to make the isolated C₂₊ compounds. In some cases, the isolated the C₂₊ compounds are not pure. In some cases, the isolated the C₂₊ compounds comprise methane, CO, H₂, CO₂ and/or water.

In some cases, the method consumes less than about 150, less than about 140, less than about 130, less than about 120, less than about 110, less than about 100, less than about 95, less than about 90, less than about 85, less than about 80, less than about 75, less than about 70, less than about 65, less than about 60, less than about 55, or less than about 50 MMBtu of energy per ton of C₂₊ compounds isolated. In some cases, the method consumes between about 65 and about 100, between about 70 and about 110, between about 75 and about 120, between about 85 and about 130, between about 40 and about 80, or between about 50 and about 80 MMBtu of energy per ton of C₂₊ compounds isolated.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for producing C₂₊ compounds from methane (CH₄), the method comprising performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using an OCM catalyst at a set of reaction conditions to convert a quantity of methane (CH₄) into ethylene (C₂H₄) at a carbon efficiency, where the OCM catalyst has a C₂₊ selectivity at the set of reaction conditions that is less than the carbon efficiency at the set of reaction conditions. The set of reaction conditions can include a temperature, a pressure, a methane to oxygen ratio and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV).

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for producing C₂₊ compounds from methane (CH₄), the method comprising: (a) performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using an OCM catalyst at a set of reaction conditions to convert a quantity of methane (CH₄) into ethylene (C₂H₄) and ethane (C₂H₆); and (b) cracking the ethane (C₂H₆) to produce additional ethylene (C₂H₄), where the combined carbon efficiency of (a) and (b) is greater than the C₂₊ selectivity of the OCM catalyst at the set of reaction conditions. The set of reaction conditions can include a temperature, a pressure, a methane to oxygen ratio and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV).

In some instances, the carbon efficiency is at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%. In some instances, the carbon efficiency is between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some instances, a system of the present disclosure or method for use thereof has a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system of at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85 or at least about 0.90. In some instances, a system of the present disclosure or method for use thereof has a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system of between about 0.50 and about 0.85, between about 0.55 and about 0.80, between about 0.60 and about 0.80, between about 0.65 and about 0.85, between about 0.65 and about 0.80, or between about 0.70 and about 0.80.

In some instances, the C₂₊ selectivity is at most about 70%, at most about 65%, at most about 60%, at most about 55%, at most about 50%, at most about 45%, at most about 40%, or at most about 35%. In some instances, the C₂₊ selectivity is at least about 70%, at least about 65%, at least about 60%, at least about 55%, at least about 50%, at least about 45%, at least about 40%, or at least about 35%.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for producing C₂₊ compounds, the method comprising: (a) providing a first feedstock comprising methane (CH₄) and optionally a first amount of ethane (C₂H₆); (b) performing an OCM reaction on the first feedstock to produce an OCM product comprising a first amount of ethylene (C₂H₄); (c) combining the OCM product with a second feedstock comprising a second amount of ethane (C₂H₆) to produce a third feedstock; and (d) cracking the third feedstock to produce a second amount of ethylene (C₂H₄), where the second amount of ethylene includes ethylene produced in (b) and (d).

In some cases, the fraction of the second amount of ethylene (C₂H₄) that is derived from the first or the second amounts of ethane (C₂H₆) is at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, at least about 7%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55%.

In some cases, the combined moles of the first amount and second amount of ethane (C₂H₆) divided by the combined moles of the first feedstock and the second feedstock is about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60%.

In some cases, the combined moles of the first amount and second amount of ethane (C₂H₆) divided by the combined moles of the first feedstock and the second feedstock is between about 1% and about 50%, between about 1% and about 40%, between about 1% and about 30%, between about 1% and about 20%, between about 1% and about 15%, between about 1% and about 10%, or between about 10% and about 50%.

In some cases, the first feedstock is natural gas. In some cases, the first feedstock is natural gas supplemented with the first amount of ethane (C₂H₆). In some cases, the first feedstock is natural gas having passed through a separations system to substantially remove the hydrocarbons other than methane.

In some cases, the molar percent of ethane (C₂H₆) in methane (CH₄) in the first feedstock is about 1%, about 3%, about 5%, about 7%, about 10%, about 15% or about 20%. OCM Processes for Producing Olefins

An aspect of the present disclosure provides OCM processes that are configured to generate olefins (or alkenes), such as ethylene, propylene (or propene), butylenes (or butenes), etc. An OCM process can be a standalone process or can be integrated in a non-OCM process, such as a natural gas liquids (NGL or NGLs) or gas processing system.

Reference will now be made to the figures, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. It will be appreciated that the figures and features therein are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the figures, the direction of fluid flow between units is indicated by arrows. Fluid may be directed from one unit to another with the aid of valves and a fluid flow system. In some examples, a fluid flow system can include compressors and/or pumps, as well as a control system for regulating fluid flow, as described elsewhere herein.

FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram of a system 100 that is configured to generate olefins, such as ethylene. The system 100 can be a small scale or world scale system. The system 100 comprises an OCM sub-system 101 that can include one or more OCM units in series and/or parallel. The OCM sub-system 101 can include one or more post-bed cracking (PBC) units for generating olefins (e.g., ethylene) from alkanes (e.g., ethane and/or propane). A PBC unit can be disposed downstream of an OCM unit. The OCM unit and PBC unit can be situated in separate reactor, or included in the same reactor (e.g., a packed bed for OCM disposed upstream of a PBC unit in the same reactor). In some cases, an integrated OCM unit and PBC unit may be collectively referred to as an OCM reactor.

The OCM sub-system 101 can accept ethane and an oxidizing agent (e.g., O₂). In the illustrated example, the OCM sub-system 101 accepts ethane from ethane stream 102 and oxygen (O₂) from oxygen stream 103. Ethane can be injected into the OCM sub-system 101 at a PBC unit of the OCM sub-system 101. Oxygen can be provided by way of air or provided from an oxygen generation unit, such as a cryogenic unit that accepts air and generates individual O₂ and N₂ streams, or by O₂ pipeline. The OCM sub-system 101 also accepts methane from C₁ recycle stream 104 and ethane from C₂ recycle stream 105.

In an OCM unit of the OCM sub-system 101, methane can be catalytically reacted with oxygen in an OCM process to generate an OCM effluent stream 106 comprising C₂₊ compounds and non-C₂₊ impurities. The OCM effluent stream 106 can be directed to a PBC unit of the OCM sub-system 101 to convert one or more alkanes in the OCM effluent stream 106 to alkenes. Next, the OCM effluent stream 106 can be directed to a process gas compressor (PGC) unit 107. Natural gas (NG) is directed along an NG feed 108 to a sulfur removal unit 109, which can remove sulfur-containing chemicals from the NG feed 108 to yield a sulfur-free methane feed 124 to the PGC unit 107. As an alternative, the sulfur removal unit 109 can be excluded if the concentration of Sulfur in the incoming natural gas feed stream is very low and acceptable for the OCM process. As another alternative, the methane feed 124 can be provided from other sources that may not be natural gas. In some cases, for example if the natural gas feed has a considerable quantity of hydrogen, it can be routed to the methanation unit. From the PGC unit 107, the OCM effluent can be directed to CO₂ removal unit 110, which can remove CO₂ from the OCM effluent. At least a portion of the removed CO₂ can be directed to a methanation unit 111 along a CO₂ stream 112. At least a portion of the removed CO₂ can be directed along CO₂ stream 113 for other users, such as, for example, storage or purged from the CO₂ removal unit 110. In some cases, the CO₂ removal system can comprise a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit; in other cases, the CO₂ removal system can be based on any other membrane separation process. The effluent from the CO₂ removal unit can be treated to remove water. The water removal system can be a molecular sieve dryer, or a series of dryers (not shown in the figure).

Next, the OCM effluent can be directed from the CO₂ removal unit 110 to a demethanizer (also “de-methanizer” herein) unit 114, which can separate methane from higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (e.g., acetylene, ethane and ethylene). The separated (or recovered) methane can be directed to the methanation unit 111 along a C₁ recycle stream 115. Alternatively, or in addition to, the separated methane can be directed to the OCM sub-system 101. A purge stream 123 can be directed out of the demethanizer unit 114, which is a portion of stream 115. The purge stream can contain methane and inert gas, such as, e.g., N₂, He or Ar. The purge flow rate may be sufficient such that the inert gas will not accumulate in the system. The purge stream may be required to remove inert gas(es) that are built-up in the recycle loop.

The methanation unit 111 can generate methane from CO, CO₂ and H₂. Methane generated in the methanation unit 111 can be directed to the OCM sub-system 101 along C₁ recycle stream 104. The methanation unit 111 can be as described elsewhere herein.

In some examples, the demethanizer unit 114 includes one or more distillations columns in series and/or parallel. A serial configuration can enable the separation of different components. A parallel configuration can enable separation of a fluid stream of greater volumetric flow rate. In an example, the demethanizer unit 114 comprises a distillation column and is configured to separate methane from C₂₊ compounds in the OCM effluent stream. The demethanizer unit 114 can be as described elsewhere herein.

Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons separated from methane in the demethanizer unit 114 can be directed to an acetylene conversion unit 116 along stream 117. The acetylene conversion unit 116 can react acetylene (C₂H₂) in the OCM effluent with H₂ to generate ethylene. The acetylene conversion unit 116 in some cases can react other alkenes with H₂ to generate alkanes, such as ethane. The acetylene conversion unit 116 can be a hydrogenation reactor. The OCM effluent stream can then be directed from the acetylene conversion unit 116 to a deethanizer (also “de-ethanizer” herein) unit 118 along stream 119. Back-end acetylene hydrogenation can be located upstream or downstream of the de-ethanizer. The deethanizer unit 118 can separate C₂ compounds (e.g., ethane and ethylene) from C₃₊ compounds (e.g., propane and propylene). Separated C³⁻ compounds can leave the deethanizer unit 118 along stream 120. C₂ compounds from the deethanizer unit 118 can be directed to a C₂ splitter 121, which can separate ethane from ethylene. The C₂ splitter 121 can be a distillation column. Recovered ethylene can be directed along stream 122 and employed for downstream use.

OCM effluent can be characterized by a particular ethane-to-ethylene ratio or range of ratios. For example, OCM effluent can have an ethane-to ethylene-ratio from about 3:1 to about 1:20. OCM effluent can have an ethane-to-ethylene ratio of about 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, or 1:20.

OCM effluent can be characterized by a particular ratio or range of ratios of hydrocarbon compounds with three or more carbon atoms (“C₃₊ compounds”) to C₂ compounds. For example, OCM effluent can have a C₃₊ compounds-to-C₂ compounds ratio from about 0 to about 1:3. OCM effluent can have a C₃₊ compounds-to-C₂ compounds ratio of about 0, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:19, 1:18, 1:17, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:13, 1:12, 1:11, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, or 1:3.

OCM effluent can be characterized by a particular acetylene-to-ethylene ratio or range of ratios. For example, OCM effluent can have an acetylene-to-ethylene ratio from about 0 to about 1:1. OCM effluent can have an acetylene-to-ethylene ratio of about 0, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:19, 1:18, 1:17, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:13, 1:12, 1:11, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, or 1:1.

OCM effluent can be characterized by a particular CO-to-CO₂ ratio or range of ratios. For example, OCM effluent can have a CO-to-CO₂ ratio from about 0 to about 2:1. OCM effluent can have a CO-to CO₂ ratio of about 0, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:19, 1:18, 1:17, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:13, 1:12, 1:11, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, or 2:1.

Systems, methods, and processes of the present disclosure, such as those for OCM-ETL, operate on feedstocks with particular ethane-to-methane ratios. For example, a system feedstock can have an ethane-to-methane ratio from about 0 to about 1:3. A system feedstock can have an ethane-to-methane ratio of about 0, 1:1000, 1:100, 1:90, 1:80, 1:70, 1:60, 1:50, 1:40, 1:30, 1:20, 1:19, 1:18, 1:17, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:13, 1:12, 1:11, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, or 1:3.

The systems of the present disclosure, such as the systems of FIGS. 1-2, can be suited for the production of any olefin, such as, for example, ethylene. Thus, the systems above and elsewhere herein are not limited to ethylene but may be configured to generate other olefins, such as propylene, butenes, pentene, or other alkenes.

Post-bed cracking (PBC) units that may be suitable for use with systems of the present disclosure, such as the systems of FIGS. 1-2, are described in, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/553,795, filed Nov. 25, 2014, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

The systems of FIGS. 1 and 17 may employ different unit operations for small scale and world scale olefin production (e.g., ethylene production). The present disclosure provides non-limiting example unit operations and process flows for various units that may be employed for use with the systems of FIGS. 1 and 17.

Subsystems in an OCM Unit

FIGS. 2-4 show various sub-systems that may be suitable for use in a system that is configured for the production of ethylene or other olefins at small scale. Any suitable gas processing technology (e.g., recycle split gas (RSV) or other gas processing technologies may be implemented in the extraction unit to separate methane from NGLs or C₂+ components with an economic recovery that may be at least about 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. FIG. 2A shows an OCM reactor 201 that is configured to generate C₂₊ compounds from oxygen (O₂) and methane, which can be directed into the OCM reactor 201 along an oxygen stream 202 and a methane stream 203, respectively. Ethane can be directed into the OCM reactor 201 along an ethane recycle stream 227. The streams 202, 203 and 227 can each be pre-conditioned prior to injection into the OCM reactor 201. Such pre-conditioning can include pre-heating and/or pre-mixing. For example, the methane stream 203 can be mixed with the oxygen stream 202 prior to injection into the OCM reactor 201.

The OCM reactor 201 can include an OCM unit upstream of a PBC unit. The OCM unit can include one or more catalysts for catalyzing an OCM reaction using oxygen and methane directed into the OCM reactor 201 along streams 202 and 203, respectively. The OCM reactor 201 can generate an OCM effluent comprising C₂₊ compounds and non-C₂₊ impurities. The OCM effluent can be directed along an OCM effluent stream 204 from the OCM reactor 201 to a plurality of heat exchangers, shown in the figure as a single heat recovery block 205, which transfers heat from the OCM effluent stream 204 to the methane stream 203 to pre-heat the methane stream 203. The OCM effluent stream 204 can be directed to a separator 210, which can remove water from the OCM effluent stream 204 and provide a water stream 211 comprising water and an OCM effluent stream 212 comprising C²⁻ compounds and non-C₂₊ impurities. The concentration of water in the stream 212 may be substantially reduced in relation to the concentration of water in the OCM effluent stream 204.

With continued reference to FIG. 2A, CO and/or CO₂ in a recycle stream 206 from downstream processes (see below) are directed into a methanation system 207 and used to generate methane in a methanation process, as described elsewhere herein. Methane generated in the methanation system 207 is directed along the methane stream 203 into the OCM reactor 201. Recycle methane (C₁) is directed along C₁ recycle stream 208 into the methanation system 207 and combined with the methane formed in the methanation system 207. The C₁ recycle stream can be pre-heated in a heat exchanger prior to introduction into the methanation system 207.

With reference to FIG. 2B, the OCM effluent stream 212 is directed into the compression and treatment section. The OCM effluent 212 is routed to a quench tower 213 where the OCM effluent gases are quenched with a cooling medium and any process condensates are condensed and removed. The cooled OCM effluent is then fed to the compressor unit 214, which can comprise of a single or multiple stages of compression. The compressor unit 214 can also comprise inter-stage coolers and separator vessels which raise the pressure of the OCM effluent stream 212 (e.g., by a factor of from about 2.5:1 to 4:1) and remove water from the OCM effluent stream 212. The condensate streams from the separator vessels from 214 are routed along 215 as the net condensate removed from the unit. The pressurized OCM effluent stream 216 (which includes C₂₊ compounds) can be mixed with methane from stream 228 (e.g., natural gas stream) and subsequently directed to a CO2 removal system 217 for removing CO₂ from the OCM effluent stream 216. The CO2 removal system 217 can be an amine system, a membrane separation system or a caustic based wash system. The absorption system 217 comprises an absorption unit 218, a regenerator 219 and a scrubber 220. The absorption unit 218 can employ an aqueous solution of various alkylamines (also “amines” herein) to scrub CO₂ and H₂S from the OCM effluent stream 216. Examples of amines include, without limitation, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine and diisopropanolamine. The resultant “rich” amine is then routed into the regenerator 219 (e.g., a stripper with a reboiler) to produce regenerated or “lean” amine that is recycled for reuse in the absorption unit 218. The separated CO₂ can be purged 221 or recycled 222 (e.g., to the methanation system 207 in stream 206).

The absorption unit 218 generates an OCM effluent stream that can have a low CO₂ content, which is directed to the scrubber 220. The scrubber removes additional CO₂ and entrained solvents from the OCM effluent stream, using, for example, a sodium hydroxide stream that is directed through the scrubber 220 in a counter flow configuration. The OCM effluent stream 223 is then directed from the scrubber 220 to a separator 224, which removes water from the OCM effluent stream 223. The removed water is directed along stream 215. The OCM effluent stream is then directed to dryers 225 and subsequently directed along stream 226. The dryers 225 can remove water from the OCM effluent stream. The OCM effluent stream 223 may be cooled in a heat exchanger upon heat transfer to a C₁ recycle stream, for example.

The system of FIGS. 2A and 2B may be employed for use with other systems of the present disclosure. For example, the absorption system 217 of FIG. 2B may be employed for use as the amine unit 110 of FIG. 1. The series of compressors 213, heat exchangers and separators of FIG. 2B may be employed for use as the PGC 107 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of a system 300 that can be used to generate ethane and ethylene from acetylene (C₂H₂) and subsequently separate ethane from ethylene. The sub-system 300 may be suitable for the small scale production of ethylene. The system 300 can be employed for use as the acetylene reactor 116, deethanizer 118 and C₂ splitter 121 of FIG. 1. The system 300 comprises a hydrogenation reactor unit 301, a first separation unit 302 and a second separation unit 303. The first separation unit 302 and second separation unit 303 can be distillation columns. The hydrogenation reactor unit 301 accepts a stream 304 comprising H₂ and a stream 305 comprising C₂₊ compounds, which can include acetylene, and converts any acetylene in the stream 305 to ethane and/or ethylene. The C₂₊ compounds are then directed in stream 306 to the first separation unit 302, which separates C₃₊ compounds (e.g., propane, propylene, butane, butene, etc.) from C₂ compounds (ethane and/or ethylene) in the C₂₊ compounds. The first separation unit 302 may be referred to as a deethanizer. The C₃₊ compounds are directed along stream 307 and employed for downstream use. The C₂ compounds are directed to the second separation unit 303, which separates ethane from ethylene. The second separation unit 303 may be referred to as a C₂ splitter. Ethane from the second separation unit 303 is directed along stream 308 and ethylene is directed along stream 309. Ethane can be recycled, such as recycled to an OCM reactor. In some examples, the ethane is recycled to a PBC unit of an OCM reactor.

The stream 304 may be directed to a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit (not shown) that is configured to separate H₂ from N₂. H₂ from the stream 304 may then be directed to the hydrogenation reactor 301. The stream 304 may be provided by a separation system, such as the system 1100 of FIG. 11. In situations in which a PSA is employed, the system 300 may be suitable for use in world scale olefin production. For small scale olefin production, the PSA may be precluded.

The acetylene hydrogenation reaction can be practiced over a palladium-based catalyst, such as those used to convert acetylene to ethylene in conventional steam cracking (e.g., the PRICAT™ series including models PD 301/1, PD 308/4, PD 308/6, PD 508/1, PD 408/5, PD 408/7 and PD 608/1, which may be commercially available as tablets or spheres supported on alumina). In some cases, the acetylene hydrogenation catalyst is a doped or modified version of a commercially available catalyst.

However, in some cases, applying an acetylene hydrogenation catalyst to the OCM process that has been developed or optimized for another process (e.g., steam cracking separations and purification processes) can result in operational issues and/or non-optimized performance. For example, in steam cracking, the acetylene conversion reactor can either be located on the front end (prior to cryogenic separations) or back end (after cryogenic separations) of the process. In steam cracking, these differences in running front end and back end typically have to do with the ratio of hydrogen to acetylene present, the ethylene to acetylene ratio, and the non-ethylene olefin (e.g., butadiene) to acetylene ratio. All of these factors can impact the catalyst selectivity for forming ethylene from acetylene, the lifetime and regeneration of the catalyst, green oil formation, specific process conditions for the reactor, and additional hydrogen required for the reaction. These factors are also different between steam cracking versus OCM processes, therefore, provided herein is an acetylene hydrogenation catalyst that is designed to be used in an OCM process.

In OCM implementations, the chemical components going into the acetylene reactor can be different than for steam cracking. For example, OCM effluent can include carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Carbon monoxide can be undesirable because it can compete with the acetylene for the active sites on the hydrogenation catalyst and lead to lower activity of the catalyst (e.g., by occupying those active sites). Hydrogen can be desirable because it is needed for the hydrogenation reaction, however that hydrogen is present in the OCM effluent in a certain ratio and adjusting that ratio can be difficult. Therefore, the catalyst described herein provides the desired outlet concentrations of acetylene, desired selectivity of acetylene conversion to ethylene, desired conversion of acetylene, desired lifetime and desired activity in OCM effluent gas. As used herein, “OCM effluent gas” generally refers to the effluent taken directly from an OCM reactor, or having first undergone any number of further unit operations such as changing the temperature, the pressure, or performing separations on the OCM reactor effluent. The OCM effluent gas can have CO, H₂ and butadiene.

In some embodiments, the catalyst decreases the acetylene concentration below about 100 parts per million (ppm), below about 80 ppm, below about 60 ppm, below about 40 ppm, below about 20 ppm, below about 10 ppm, below about 5 ppm, below about 3 ppm, below about 2 ppm, below about 1 ppm, below about 0.5 ppm, below about 0.3 ppm, below about 0.1 ppm, or below about 0.05 ppm.

The concentration of acetylene can be reached in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO). In some embodiments, the feed stream entering the acetylene hydrogenation reactor contains at least about 10%, at least about 9%, at least about 8%, at least about 7%, at least about 6%, at least about 5%, at least about 4%, at least about 3%, at least about 2%, or at least about 1% carbon monoxide.

When used in an OCM process, the acetylene hydrogenation catalyst can have a lifetime of at least about 6 months, at least about 1 year, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, at least about 5 years, at least about 6 years, at least about 7 years, at least about 8 years, at least about 9 years, or at least about 10 years.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of a sulfur removal system 400, which can be employed for use in removing sulfur-containing compounds from a gas stream. The sulfur removal system 400 can be employed for use as the sulfur removal system 109 of FIG. 1, for example. The system 400 can be employed for use in a system that is configured to generate small scale ethylene. The system 400 comprises a separation unit 401 for removing water form a natural gas stream 402. Water is removed along stream 403. The natural gas stream with decreased water content is directed along stream 404 to a heat exchanger 405, another optional heat exchanger 406 and an absorption unit 408. The heat exchangers 405 and 406 raise the temperature of the natural gas stream. The absorption unit removes H₂S from the natural gas stream. This can provide a stream 409 comprising methane and having a substantially low sulfur and H₂O content. In some examples, the stream 409 is directed to an OCM reactor. As an alternative, or in addition to, the stream 409 can be directed to a natural gas pipeline.

In certain cases, depending on the concentration of sulfur compounds in the natural gas feed stream, the sulfur removal unit can comprise one or more hydrodesulfurization (hydrotreater) reactors to convert the sulfur compounds to H2S, which is then subsequently removed by a suitable system (for example, an adsorption bed or a solvent-based absorption system).

FIG. 5 shows a sulfur removal unit comprising a separation unit 501, a hydrogen feed stream 502, a natural gas stream 503, a flare header 504, a methane-containing stream 505, a heat exchanger 506, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) system 507, a hydro treating unit 508, an absorption unit 509, and a product stream 510. The separation unit 501 is configured to remove water from the stream 503. Water removed from the stream 503 is directed to the flare header 504. The hydro treating unit 508 generates H₂S from H₂ provided by the stream 502 any sulfur in the stream 503. Any sulfur-containing compounds in the stream 503 and generated in the hydro treating unit 508 can be removed in the absorption unit 509. The resulting product stream 510 can include methane and substantially low concentrations of sulfur-containing compounds, such as H₂S. In some examples, the product stream 510 can be directed to an OCM reactor or a natural gas pipeline.

The HRSG system 507 is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from the stream 505. The HRSG system 507 can produce steam that can be used in a process (cogeneration) or used to drive a steam turbine (combined cycle). The HRSG unit 507 can be as described herein.

Methanation Systems

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) can convert natural gas to ethylene and other longer hydrocarbon molecules via reaction of methane with oxygen. Given the operating conditions of OCM, side reactions can include reforming and combustion, which can lead to the presence of significant amounts of H₂, CO and CO₂ in the OCM effluent stream. H₂ content in the effluent stream can range between about 5% and about 15%, between about 1% and about 15%, between about 5% and about 10%, or between about 1% and about 5% (molar basis). The content of CO and CO₂ can each range between about 1% and about 5%, between about 1% and about 3%, or between about 3% and about 5% (molar basis). In some cases, the ethylene and all the other longer hydrocarbon molecules contained in the effluent stream are separated and purified to yield the final products of the process. This can leave an effluent stream containing the unconverted methane, hydrogen, CO and CO₂ and several other compounds, including low amounts of the product themselves depending on their recovery rates.

In some cases, this effluent stream is recycled to the OCM reactor. However, if CO and H₂ are recycled to the OCM reactor along with methane, they can react with oxygen to produce CO₂ and H₂O, causing various negative consequences to the process including, but not limited to: (a) an increase of the natural gas feed consumption (e.g., because a larger portion of it may result in CO₂ generation instead of product generation); (b) a decrease of the OCM per-pass methane conversion (e.g., because a portion of the allowable adiabatic temperature increase may be exploited by the H₂ and CO combustion reactions instead of the OCM reactions); and an increase of the oxygen consumption (e.g., because some of the oxygen feed may react with CO and H₂ instead of methane).

The effluent stream can be exported to a natural gas pipeline (e.g., to be sold as sales gas into the natural gas infrastructure). Given that specifications can be in place for natural gas pipelines, the concentrations of CO, CO₂ and H₂ in the effluent can need to be reduced to meet the pipeline requirements. The effluent stream may also be used as a feedstock for certain processes that may require lower concentrations of H₂, CO and CO₂.

Therefore, it can be desirable to reduce the concentration of H₂, CO and CO₂ in the OCM effluent stream, upstream or downstream of the separation and recovery of the final products. This can be accomplished using methanation systems and/or by separating H₂ and CO from the effluent stream (e.g., using cryogenic separations or adsorption processes). The disclosure also includes separating CO₂ from the effluent stream using CO₂ removal processes, such as chemical or physical absorption or adsorption or membranes. However, these separation processes can require significant capital investments and can consume considerable amounts of energy, in some cases making an OCM-based process less economically attractive.

The present disclosure also provides systems and methods for reducing CO, CO₂ and H₂ concentration in a methane stream. Such compounds can be reacted to form methane in a methanation reaction.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a methanation system that can be employed to reduce the concentration of CO, CO₂ and H₂ in a given stream, such as an OCM product stream. This can advantageously minimize the concentration of CO, CO₂ and H₂ in any stream that may be ultimately recycled to an OCM reactor. The methanation system can be employed for use with any system of the present disclosure, such as an OCM-ETL system described herein.

In a methanation system, CO reacts with H₂ to yield methane via CO+3H₂→CH₄+H₂O. In the methanation system, CO₂ can react with H₂ to yield methane via CO₂+4H₂ 4CH₄+2H₂O. Such processes are exothermic (ΔH=−206 kJ/mol and −178 kJ/mol, respectively) and generate heat that may be used as heat input to other process units, such as heating an OCM reactor of a PBC reactor, or pre-heating reactants, such as methane and/or an oxidizing agent (e.g., O2) prior to an OCM reaction. The methanation reaction can take place in two or more reactors in series, in some cases with intercooling. In some situations, a methanation reactor can be implemented in tandem with an OCM reactor to increase carbon efficiency.

In some cases, to limit the heat release per unit of flow of reactants, methanation can be conducted on streams that contain CO, CO₂, H₂ and a suitable carrier gas. The carrier gas can include an inert gas, such as, e.g., N₂, He or Ar, or an alkane (e.g., methane, ethane, propane and/or butane). The carrier gas can add thermal heat capacity and significantly reduce the adiabatic temperature increase resulting from the methanation reactions.

In some examples, methane and higher carbon alkanes (e.g., ethane, propane and butane) and nitrogen are employed as carrier gases in a methanation process. These molecules can be present in an OCM process, such as in an OCM product stream comprising C²⁻ compounds. Downstream separation units, such as a cryogenic separation unit, can be configured to produce a stream that contains any (or none) of these compounds in combination with CO and H₂. This stream can then be directed to the methanation system.

A methanation system can include one or more methanation reactors and heat exchangers. CO, CO₂ and H₂ can be added along various streams to the one or more methanation reactors. A compressor can be used to increase the CO₂ stream pressure up to the methanation operating pressure, which can be from about 2 bar (absolute) to 60 bar, or 3 bar to 30 bar. CO₂ can be added to the inlet of the system in order to create an excess of CO₂ compared to the amount stoichiometrically required to consume all the available H₂. This is done in order to minimize H₂ recycled to OCM.

Given the exothermicity of the methanation reactions, a methanation system can include various methanation reactors for performing methanation. In some cases, a methanation reactor is an adiabatic reactor, such as an adiabatic fixed bed reactor. The adiabatic reactor can be in one stage or multiple stages, depending, for example, on the concentration of CO, CO₂ and H₂ in the feed stream to the methanation system. If multiple stages are used, inter-stage cooling can be performed by either heat exchangers (e.g., a stage effluent can be cooled against the feed stream or any other colder stream available in the plant, such as boiler feed water) or quenching via cold shots, i.e. the feed stream is divided into multiple streams, with one stream being directed to the first stage while each of the other feed streams being mixed with each stage effluent for cooling purposes. As an alternative, or in addition to, a methanation reactor can be an isothermal reactor. In such a case, reaction heat can be removed by the isothermal reactor by, for example, generating steam, which can enable a higher concentration of CO, CO₂ and H₂ to be used with the isothermal reactor. Apart from adiabatic and isothermal reactors, other types of reactors may be used for methanation, such as fluidized bed reactors.

FIG. 6A shows an example methanation system 600. The system 600 may be used in OCM systems that are for small scale or world scale production of ethylene or other olefins. The system 600 comprises a first reactor 601, second reactor 602 and a heat exchanger 603. The first reactor 601 and second reactor 602 can be adiabatic reactors. During use, a recycle stream 604 comprising methane, CO and H₂ (e.g., from a cryogenic separation unit) is directed to the heat exchanger 603. In an example, the recycle stream 604 comprises between about 65% and 90% (molar basis) methane, between about 5% and 15% H₂, between 1% and 5% CO, between about 0% and 0.5% ethylene, and the balance inert gases (e.g., N₂, Ar and He). The recycle stream 604 can have a temperature from about 20° C. to 40° C., or 20° C. to 30° C., and a pressure from about 2 bar to 60 bar (absolute), or 3 bar to 30 bar. The recycle stream 604 can be generated by a separation unit downstream of an OCM reactor, such as a cryogenic separation unit.

In the heat exchanger 603, the temperature of the recycle stream 604 is increased to about 100° C. to 400° C., or 200° C. to 300° C. The heated recycle stream 604 is then directed to the first reactor 601. In the first reactor 601, CO and H₂ in the recycle stream 604 react to yield methane. This reaction can progress until all of the H₂ is depleted and/or a temperature approach to equilibrium of about 0 to 30° C., or 0 to 15° C. is achieved. The methanation reaction in the first reactor 601 can result in an adiabatic temperature increase of about 20° C. to 300° C., or 50° C. to 150° C.

Next, products from the first reactor, including methane and unreacted CO and/or H₂, can be directed along a first product stream to the heat exchanger 603, where they are cooled to a temperature of about 100° C. to 400° C., or 200° C. to 300° C. In the heat exchanger 603, heat from the first product stream 603 is removed and directed to the recycle stream 604, prior to the recycle stream 604 being directed to the first reactor 601.

Next, a portion of the heated first product stream is mixed with a CO₂ stream 605 to yield a mixed stream that is directed to the second reactor 602. The CO₂ stream 605 can be generated by a separation unit downstream of an OCM reactor, such as a cryogenic separation unit. This can be the same separation unit that generated the recycle stream 604.

In the second reactor 602, CO and CO₂ react with H₂ to yield a second product stream 606 comprising methane. The reaction(s) in the second reactor 602 can progress until substantially all of the H₂ is depleted and/or a temperature approach to equilibrium of about 0 to 30° C., or 0 to 15° C. is achieved. The proportions of CO, CO₂ and H₂ in the mixed stream can be selected such that the second product stream 606 is substantially depleted in CO and H₂.

The first reactor 601 and the second reactor 602 can be two catalytic stages in the same reactor vessel or can be arranged as two separate vessels. The first reactor 601 and second reactor 602 can each include a catalyst, such as a catalyst comprising one or more of ruthenium, cobalt, nickel and iron. The first reactor 601 and second reactor 602 can be fluidized bed or packed bed reactors. Further, although the system 600 comprises two reactors 601 and 602, the system 600 can include any number of reactors in series and/or in parallel, such as at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 reactors.

Although the CO₂ stream 605 is shown to be directed to the second reactor 602 and not the first reactor 601, in an alternative configuration, at least a portion or the entire CO₂ stream 605 can be directed to the first reactor 601. The proportions of CO, CO₂ and H₂ can be selected such that the methanation product stream is substantially depleted in CO and H₂.

Methane generated in the system 600 can be employed for various uses. In an example, at least a portion of the methane can be recycled to an OCM reactor (e.g., as part of an OCM-ETL system) to generate C₂₊ compounds, including alkenes (e.g., ethylene). As an alternative, or in addition to, at least a portion of the methane can be directed to a non-OCM process, such as a natural gas stream of a natural gas plant. As another alternative, or in addition to, at least a portion of the methane can be directed to end users, such as along a natural gas pipeline.

FIG. 6B is a process flow diagram of an example of a methanation system that can be employed to generate ethylene. The system of FIG. 6B can be used in other systems of the present disclosure, such as the system 100 of FIG. 1. The system comprises compressors 607 and 608, separation units 609 and 610, and methanation reactors 611 and 612. The separation units 609 and 610 can be quench towers, which may separate water from a stream comprising CO and/or CO₂. During use, a stream 613 comprising CO and/or CO₂ is directed to the compressor 607 and subsequently the separator unit 609. In stream 614, CO and/or CO₂ along with H₂ are directed to the methanation reactor 611 and are reacted to form methane, which, along with any excess CO, CO₂ and H₂, is subsequently directed to the methanation reactor 612, where CO and/or CO₂ provided in stream 615 is reacted with H₂ to form additional methane. The methane generated in the methanation reactors 611 and 612 is directed along stream 616. The methane in stream 616 can be, for example, recycled to an OCM reactor.

Use of methanation systems with OCM systems of the present disclosure can reduce the quantity CO and/or CO₂ that are directed to the environment, which may advantageously decrease overall greenhouse emissions from such systems. In some examples, using a methanation system, the emission of CO and/or CO₂ from an OCM system can be reduced by at least about 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%.

The methanation reaction can be practiced over a nickel-based catalyst, such as those used to produce SNG (Substitute Natural Gas or Synthetic Natural Gas) from syngas or used to purify streams containing CO and CO₂ (e.g., to remove CO and CO₂ present in the make-up feed to an ammonia synthesis unit). Examples of such catalysts include the KATALCO™ series (including models 11-4, 11-4R, 11-4M and 11-4MR) that may include nickel supported on refractory oxides; the HTC series (including NI 500 RP 1.2) having nickel supported on alumina; and Type 146 having ruthenium supported on alumina. Additional methanation catalysts can include models PK-7R and METH-134. The methanation catalyst can be tableted or an extruded. The shapes of such catalysts can be, for example, cylindrical, spherical, or ring structures, for or partial shapes and/or combinations of shapes thereof. In some cases, ring structures are advantageous due to their reduced pressure drop across the reactor bed relative to cylindrical and spherical commercial forms. In some cases, the methanation catalyst is a doped or modified version of a commercially available catalyst.

In some cases, merely applying a methanation catalyst to the OCM process that has been developed or optimized for another process (e.g., SNG production or gas purification) can result in operational problems and/or non-optimal performance, including carbon formation (or coking) over the methanation catalyst. Coking can lead to de-activation of the catalyst and, eventually, to loss of conversion through the methanation reactor, thus making the methanation process ineffective, severely limiting the performances of the overall OCM-based process and, possibly, preventing the final products from achieving the required specifications.

The selectivity and/or conversion produced by an existing and/or commercially available methanation catalyst at a given process condition (e.g., gas-hourly space velocity, molar composition, temperature, pressure) may not be ideal for OCM implementations. For example, ammonia plants can have between about 100 ppm and 1% CO with a molar excess of H₂ (e.g., 2, 5, 10, 50, 100-fold or more excess) that drives equilibrium in favor of complete methanation. Methanation systems in ammonia plants have a small temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the adiabatic methanation reactor (e.g., 20 to 30° C.) and can be sized for catalyst lifetime. SNG production does not have a vast molar excess of H₂ in some cases. Methanation in SNG processes can have an inlet versus outlet temperature difference of greater than 100° C. and be performed in multiple stages. Furthermore, the purpose of methanation can be different for OCM. Ammonia and SNG processes typically perform methanation primarily to eliminate CO and/or CO₂ (although H₂ can also be eliminated or substantially reduced in concentration), while methanation is performed in OCM processes primarily to eliminate H₂ (although CO and/or CO₂ can also be eliminated or substantially reduced in concentration).

A methanation catalyst and/or catalytic process is described herein that can prevent or reduce carbon formation in the methanation reactor or other operational inefficiencies. The catalyst and/or catalytic process is achieved through any combination of: (a) removing chemical species that can contribute to coke formation from the methanation inlet feed; (b) introducing chemical species into the methanation feed that eliminate or reduce the rate of coke formation; and (c) using the methanation catalyst described herein that reduces or eliminates coke formation and/or is designed to operate at the process conditions of OCM effluent or OCM process streams (e.g., gas-hourly space velocity, molar composition, temperature, pressure).

In some instances, the species present in the OCM effluent stream that can lead to carbon formation in the methanation reactor are removed or reduced in concentration using a separations or reactive process. The typical operating conditions of a methanation reactor can be at a pressure between about 3 bar and about 50 bar and a temperature between about 150° C. and about 400° C. Any hydrocarbon species containing carbon-carbon double or triple bonds may be sufficiently reactive to form carbon deposits (i.e., coke). Examples of such species are acetylene, all olefins and aromatic compounds. Removal or significant reduction of these species can be achieved via different methods including, but not limited to: (a) hydrogenation (i.e., reaction of these species with the hydrogen present in the effluent stream itself to produce alkanes) over suitable catalysts prior to the methanation reactor; (b) condensation and separation of these species from methane prior to the methanation reactor; (c) absorption or adsorption of these species; (d) by utilizing suitable membranes; or (d) any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, species are introduced into the methanation inlet stream that eliminate or reduce the rate of carbon formation. Molecular species that can create a reducing atmosphere can be used to counteract an oxidation reaction and can therefore reduce the rate of carbon formation. Hydrogen and water are examples of these particular compounds and can be added to the OCM effluent stream prior to methanation to increase their concentration in the methanation reactor.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a methanation catalyst for an OCM process. Coke formation is typically the product of surface driven reactions. Therefore, the methanation catalyst for OCM alters the local electronic environment around the active site of the catalyst. This can be done by changing the elemental composition (for example via post-impregnation doping, or creating a new mixed metal of nickel and another transition metal), morphology and structure (for example via synthesizing the metal in a non-bulk form factor). Examples of such syntheses include; nanowires of the same material, nanoparticles coated on a support, and vapor deposition of the active material on a support material. Additional modifications to the surface may result from post synthetic processing operations, such as etching of the surface, oxidizing and reducing the metal to create a different surface reconstruction, calcination operations under different atmospheres (e.g., oxidizing or reducing), heating to achieve different crystal phases, and inducing defect formation. The end result of the modifications of the methanation catalyst is specifically designed to minimize carbon (coke) formation, while still effectively at conducting the methanation reactions.

The methanation process and/or methanation catalyst can operate with OCM product gas, either directly or after one or more heat exchangers or separation operations. For example, the methanation feed stream can have the following composition on a molar basis: CH₄ between about 65% and about 90%; H₂ between about 5% and about 15%; CO between about 1% and about 5% (molar basis); C₂H₄ between about 0% and about 0.5%; C₂H₂ between about 0% and about 0.1%; and the balance inert gases such as N₂, Ar and He. The methanation feed stream typically has a temperature close to ambient temperature and a pressure ranging between about 3 and about 50 bar.

The methanation reaction can produce water and/or have water in the methanation effluent. In some cases, it is desirable to remove this water prior to recycling the methanation effluent to the OCM reactor. This can be accomplished by lowering the temperature of the methanation effluent or performing any separation procedure that removes the water. In some embodiments, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 70%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the water is removed from the methanation effluent prior to the OCM reactor. Removing the water can increase the lifetime and/or performance of the OCM catalyst.

A methanation process can be implemented in an OCM-based process using adiabatic reactors. In an example, the process does not require a methanation catalyst specially designed or optimized for OCM. In this example, an OCM-based process is designed to produce ethylene from natural gas. In this case the product and recovery section of the OCM plant (e.g., a cryogenic unit) can be designed to separate ethylene and all other hydrocarbons from methane, CO and H₂ in the OCM effluent. The mixed stream that contains methane, CO and H₂ can be fed to the methanation section.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a methanation system for OCM. The methanation feed stream 700 is first sent to a first heat exchanger 705 where its temperature is increased to the methanation reactor inlet temperature, typically between 150° C. and 300° C. Stream 710 is injected immediately downstream of the first heat exchanger to increase water concentration in the methanation feed stream. Then the heated stream is fed to a first adiabatic reactor 715 where ethylene, acetylene and any other hydrocarbon that presents carbon-carbon double or triple bonds are hydrogenated via reaction with the H₂ present in the stream.

The effluent from the first reactor 715 is then fed to a second reactor 720, where CO reacts with H₂ until a certain approach to equilibrium is achieved, typically 0° C.-15° C. to equilibrium. The adiabatic temperature increase that results from CO methanation depends on the exact composition of the feed stream and is typically in the 50° C.-150° C. range.

The second reactor 720 effluent is then sent to the first heat exchanger 705 and a second heat exchanger 725 where it is cooled down to a temperature below water condensation. The stream is then fed to a phase separator 730 where the condensed water 735 is separated from the vapors 740 in order to minimize the water concentration in the vapors. It can be important to remove water at this stage to optimize the conditions for the second methanation stage (water is a product of the methanation reaction and is no longer needed in the second stage because all carbon forming species have been either removed or converted at this point).

The vapor stream 740 is fed to a third heat exchanger 745 where it is heated up to the temperature required at the inlet of the third adiabatic reactor 750, which is the second methanation stage, typically operated at between about 150° C. and about 300° C. Additional CO₂ 755 produced in the process is mixed with effluent from the second reactor 720 and fed to the third reactor 750. CO and CO₂ react with H₂ in the third reactor 750 until a 0° C.-15° C. temperature approach to equilibrium is reached. Typically the amount of CO₂ that is added to the second reactor effluent is more than what may be stoichiometrically required to consume all H₂, to push the equilibrium towards CO and H₂ complete depletion.

The liquid stream from the phase separator 735 is re-injected into the methanation feed stream alongside the steam. Alternatively, it can be first vaporized and then re-injected, or it can be sent to a water treatment system for water recovery and purification.

The three reactors, 715, 720 and 750 or any combination of them can be physically situated in the same vessel or can be arranged in separate individual vessels. A portion or even all of the CO₂ addition may be performed at the inlet of 715 or 720, depending on the type of catalyst used in the two reactors.

OCM System Configurations

An OCM reactor system can comprise a single reactor or multiple reactors in series and/or in parallel. For example, the OCM reactor system includes at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 OCM reactors in series. As another example, the OCM reactor system includes at least 2, 3, 4, or 5 OCM reactors in parallel. As another example, the OCM reactor includes two OCM reactors in parallel, both of which are downstream of another OCM reactor. In some cases, an OCM reactor system can comprise two reactors, three reactors, or four reactors in series. In certain embodiments, the above mentioned number of reactors can be connected in parallel, or a combination thereof (e.g., mixed series and parallel). In addition, either one or more of the OCM reactor can contain a post-bed cracking (PBC) section as a part of the OCM reactor.

The OCM reaction is highly exothermic and the heat produced can be used to generate steam. A heat recovery system can be designed so as to cool down OCM reactor effluent to a temperature of less than or equal to about 600° C., 500° C., 400° C., 300° C. or 200° C., or a temperature between any two of these values (e.g., between 200° C. and 600° C., or 300° C. and 500° C.), and to use that heat as process heat within the OCM unit, to heat boiler feed water (BFW) or steam, or for other processes.

FIGS. 5, 8, and 13 show various sub-systems that may be suitable for use in a system that is configured for the production of ethylene at world scale. With reference to FIG. 8A, a system 800 comprises a first OCM unit 801 and second OCM unit 802. The OCM units 801 and 802 are in series—the second OCM unit 802 receives OCM effluent from the first OCM unit 801. Each OCM unit 801 and 802 includes and OCM reactor that is configured to react methane with an oxidizing agent to generate C₂₊ compounds. One or both of the OCM units 801 and 802 can include a PBC reactor downstream of the OCM reactor. In the illustrated example, the second OCM unit 802 comprises a PBC reactor downstream of the OCM reactor of the second OCM unit 802.

During use, oxygen along stream 803 is directed into the OCM units 801 and 802. Methane is directed to the first OCM unit 801 along stream 804. In the first OCM unit 801, methane and oxygen react in an OCM process to yield an OCM effluent stream 805 that is directed to a heat exchanger and subsequently the second OCM unit 802. The second OCM unit 802 generates addition C₂₊ compounds from oxygen and any unreacted methane in the stream 805. In addition, the second OCM unit 802 accepts ethane along stream 806 into the PCB reactor of the second OCM unit 802, and generates ethylene from the ethane. C₂₊ compounds generated in the second OCM unit 802, along with any non-C₂₊ impurities are directed out of the second OCM unit 802 along stream 807 to multiple heat exchangers and subsequently a separator 808, which removes water from the OCM effluent stream. Water is directed out of the separator 808 along stream 809, and C₂₊ compounds and any non-C₂₊ impurities are directed along stream 810.

The system 800 further includes a methanation unit 811 that generates methane from H₂ and CO and/or CO₂. Methane generated in the methanation unit 811 is directed along stream 804 to the first OCM unit 801. The methanation unit 811 may be as described elsewhere herein. Methane, such as recycled methane, is directed along stream 812 through a heat exchanger and to the methanation unit 811. CO and/or CO₂ are directed to the methanation unit 811 along stream 813.

The system 800 includes process stream that is used in the heat exchangers. Process steam is directed along stream 814 to various heat exchangers and is outputted along stream 815 and 816.

Although the system 800 includes two OCM units 801 and 802, the system 800 can include any number of OCM units in series and parallel. An OCM unit can be an OCM reactor with an OCM catalyst. The system 800 can include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 OCM units.

The stream 810 may be directed to a hydrogenation reactor and separation train to convert any acetylene in the stream 810 to ethane and/or ethylene, and separate the ethane from ethylene. For world scale ethylene generation, the system 300 of FIG. 3 may be employed. A PSA unit may be used to separate H₂ from N₂ in a stream comprising H₂ and N₂.

With reference to FIG. 8B, the stream 810 is directed into a series of compressors 817 and separators 818, which raise the pressure of the stream 810 (e.g., by a factor of from about 2.5:1 to 4:1) and remove water from the stream 810. The separators may be quench towers. Water removed from a first of the separators 818 is directed along stream 819. The pressurized stream 820 (which includes C₂₊ compounds) can be mixed with methane from stream 821 (e.g., natural gas stream or methane from a methanation unit) and subsequently directed to an absorption system 822 for removing CO₂ from the stream 820. The absorption system 822 can be an amine system. The absorption system 822 comprises an absorption unit 823, a regenerator 824 and a scrubber 825. The absorption unit 823 can employ an aqueous solution of various akylamines (also “amines” herein) to scrub CO₂ and H₂S from the stream 820. Examples of amines include, without limitation, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine and diisopropanolamine. The resultant “rich” amine is then routed into the regenerator 824 (e.g., a stripper with a reboiler) to produce regenerated or “lean” amine that is recycled for reuse in the absorption unit 823. The separated CO₂ can be purged 826 or recycled 827 (e.g., to a methanation system).

The absorption unit 823 generates an effluent stream that can have a low CO₂ content, which is directed to the scrubber 825. The scrubber 825 removes additional CO₂ from the stream, using, for example, a sodium hydroxide stream that is directed through the scrubber 825 in a counter flow configuration. The stream 828 is then directed from the scrubber 825 to a separator 829, which removes water from the stream 828. The removed water is directed along stream 819 and the C₂₊ compounds and non-C₂₊ impurities are directed to dryers 830, and subsequently directed along stream 831. The OCM effluent stream 828 may be cooled in a heat exchanger upon heat transfer to a C₁ recycle stream, for example.

The system of FIG. 8B employs various heat exchangers. A C₁/N₂ stream is directed along stream 832 to a heat exchanger and removed along streams 833 and 834. Process stream 835, which can comprise methane, is directed to another heat exchanger, and a portion of process stream 835 is then directed along stream 834 and a remainder is directed along stream 836. A C₁ purge from, for example, a PSA unit, may be directed along stream 837 to stream 834.

In FIGS. 8A-8B, in some examples, the separators 808 and 818 can be liquid/liquid separators or gas/liquid separators. For example, the separator 808 or 818 can be a gas/liquid separator.

One or more ethylene recovery sections (including, for example, separations units and cryogenic units) can comprise a series of fractionation towers to separate and recover products. The cooling to condense each of the column overhead vapors can be provided by multiple ways. The lowest temperature required is to condense demethanizer overhead vapors. In some cases, the demethanizer overhead vapor is expanded and the chill is utilized to cool the incoming feed streams.

A recycle split vapor (RSV) process can be employed. An RSV process can comprise a full RSV (modified for the OCM plant) with a propylene refrigerant, or a full three-refrigerant system typical of an ethylene plant (methane refrigerant, ethylene refrigerant and propylene refrigerant, or use a mixed refrigerant composed of two or more of these refrigerants). In some cases, a combination of these two options (i.e. RSV or modified RSV combined with utilization of one or more of the three typical refrigeration systems) can be used to provide for the refrigeration duty to the OCM system separation section.

In natural gas processing plants or NGLs fractionation unit, methane can be separated from ethane and higher carbon-content hydrocarbons (conventionally called natural gas liquids or NGLs) to produce a methane-rich stream that can meet the specifications of pipelines and sales gas. Such separation can be performed using cryogenic separation, such as with the aid of one or more cryogenic units, and/or by implementing one of the gas processing technologies (e.g., RSV) for maximum or optimum recovery of the NGLs.

The raw natural gas fed to gas processing plants can have a molar composition of 70% to 90% methane and 4% to 20% NGLs, the balance being inert gas(es) (e.g., CO₂ and N₂). The ratio of methane to ethane can be in the range of 5-25. Given the relatively large amount of methane present in the stream fed to cryogenic sections of gas processing plants, at least some or substantially all of the cooling duty required for the separation is provided by a variety of compression and expansion operations performed on the feed stream and the methane product stream. None or a limited portion of the cooling duty can be supplied by external refrigeration units.

There are various approaches for separating higher carbon alkanes (e.g., ethane) from natural gas, such as recycle split vapor (RSV) or any other gas processing technologies and/or gas sub-cooled process (GSP) processes, which may maximize the recovery of ethane (e.g., >99%, 98%, 97%, 96% or 95% recovery) while providing most or all of the cryogenic cooling duty via internal compression and expansion of portion of the natural gas itself (e.g., at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, or 50%). However, the application of such approach in separating alkenes (e.g., ethylene) from an OCM product stream comprising methane is novel and may result in a limited recovery in some cases when inert gas in present (e.g., provide less than 95% recovery) of the alkene product, due at least in part to i) the different vapor pressure of alkenes and alkanes, and/or ii) the presence of significant amounts of H₂ in the OCM product stream, which can change the boiling curve and, particularly, the Joule-Thomson coefficient of the methane stream that needs to be compressed and expanded to provide the cooling duty. Hydrogen can display a negative or substantially low Joule-Thomson coefficient, which can cause a temperature increase or a substantially low temperature decrease in temperature when a hydrogen-reach stream is expanded.

In some embodiments, the design of a cryogenic separation system of an OCM-based plant can feature a different combination of compression/expansion operations for internal refrigeration and, in some cases, external refrigeration. The present disclosure provides a separation system comprising one or more cryogenic separation units and one or more demethanizer units. Such a system can maximize alkene recovery (e.g., provide greater than 95% recovery) from a stream comprising a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and other gases (e.g., H₂), such as in an OCM product stream.

In such separation system, the cooling duty can be supplied by a combination of expansion of the OCM effluent (feed stream to the cryogenic section) when the OCM effluent pressure is higher than a demethanizer column; expansion of at least a portion or all of the demethanizer overhead methane-rich stream; compression and expansion of a portion of the demethanizer overhead methane-rich stream; and/or external propane, propylene or ethylene refrigeration units.

FIGS. 9-12 show various separation systems that can be employed with various systems and methods of the present disclosure, including small scale and world scale systems. FIG. 9 shows a separation system 900 comprising a first heat exchanger 901, a second heat exchanger 902, a demethanizer 903, and a third heat exchanger 904. The direction of fluid flow is shown in the figure. The demethanizer 903 can be a distillation unit or multiple distillation units (e.g., in series). In such a case, the demethanizer can include a reboiler and a condenser, each of which can be a heat exchanger. An OCM effluent stream 905 is directed to the first heat exchanger 901 at a pressure from about 10 to 100 bar (absolute), or 20 to 40 bar. The OCM effluent stream 905 can include methane and C₂₊ compounds, and may be provided in an OCM product stream from an OCM reactor (not shown). The OCM effluent stream 905 is then directed from the first heat exchanger 901 to the second heat exchanger 902. In the first heat exchanger 901 and the second heat exchanger 902, the OCM effluent stream 905 is cooled upon heat transfer to a demethanizer overhead stream 906, a demethanizer reboiler stream 907, a demethanizer bottom product stream 908, and a refrigeration stream 909 having a heat exchange fluid comprising propane or an equivalent cooling medium, such as, but not limited to, propylene or a mixture of propane and propylene.

The cooled OCM effluent 905 can be directed to the demethanizer 903, where light components, such as CH₄, H₂ and CO, are separated from heavier components, such as ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and any other less volatile component present in the OCM effluent stream 905. The light components are directed out of the demethanizer along the overhead stream 906. The heavier components are directed out of the demethanizer along the bottom product stream 908. The demethanizer can be designed such that at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the ethylene in the OCM effluent stream 905 is directed to the bottom product stream 908.

The demethanizer overhead stream 906 can contain at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% methane. The overhead stream 906 can be expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar machine or flashed over a valve or similar device) to decrease the temperature of the overhead stream 906 prior to directing the overhead stream 906 to the second heat exchanger 902 and subsequently the first heat exchanger 901. The overhead stream 906 can be cooled in the third heat exchanger 904, which can be cooled using a reflux stream and a hydrocarbon-containing cooling fluid, such as, for example, ethylene.

The overhead stream 906, which can include methane, can be recycled to an OCM reactor and/or directed for other uses, such as a natural gas pipeline. In some examples, the bottom product stream, which can contain C₂₊ compounds (e.g., ethylene), can be directed to an ETL system.

FIG. 10 shows another separation system 1000 that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure. The direction of fluid flow is shown in the figure. The system 1000 comprises a first heat exchanger 1001, demethanizer 1002 and a second heat exchanger 1003. The demethanizer 1002 can be a distillation unit or multiple distillation units (e.g., in series). An OCM effluent stream 1004 is directed into the first heat exchanger 1001. The OCM effluent stream 1004 can include methane and C₂₊ compounds, and may be provided in an OCM product stream from an OCM reactor (not shown). The OCM effluent stream 1004 can be provided at a pressure from about 10 bar (absolute) to 100 bar, or 40 bar to 70 bar. The OCM effluent stream 1004 can be cooled upon heat transfer to a demethanizer overhead streams 1005 and 1006 from the second heat exchanger 1003, a demethanizer reboiler stream 1007, and a refrigeration stream having a cooling fluid comprising, for example, propane or an equivalent cooling medium, such as, but not limited to, propylene or a mixture of propane and propylene. In some cases, the demethanizer overhead streams 1005 and 1006 are combined into an output stream 1012 before or after passing through the first heat exchanger 1001.

Subsequent to cooling in the first heat exchanger 1001, the OCM effluent stream 1004 can be expanded in a turbo-expander or similar device or flashed over a valve or similar device to a pressure of at least about 5 bar, 6 bar, 7 bar, 8 bar, 9 bar, or 10 bar. The cooled OCM effluent stream 1004 can then be directed to the demethanizer 1002, where light components (e.g., CH₄, H₂ and CO) are separated from heavier components (e.g., ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and any other less volatile component present in the OCM effluent stream 1004 ). The light components are directed to an overhead stream 1009 while the heavier components (e.g., C₂₊) are directed along a bottoms stream 1010. A portion of the overhead stream 1009 is directed to second heat exchanger 1003 and subsequently to the first heat exchanger 1001 along stream 1006. A remainder of the overhead stream 1009 is pressurized (i.e., pressure is increased) in a compressor and directed to the second heat exchanger 1003. The remainder of the overhead stream 1009 is then directed to a phase separation unit 1011 (e.g., distillation unit or vapor-liquid separator). Liquids from the phase separation unit 1011 are directed to the second heat exchanger 1003 and subsequently returned to the demethanizer 1002. Vapors from the phase separation unit 1011 are expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar device) and directed to the second heat exchanger 1003, and thereafter to the first heat exchanger along stream 1005. The demethanizer 1002 can be designed such that at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the ethylene in the OCM effluent stream 1004 is directed to the bottom product stream 1010.

FIG. 11 shows another separation system 1100 that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure. The direction of fluid flow is shown in the figure. The system 1100 comprises a first heat exchanger 1101, a demethanizer 1102, a second heat exchanger 1103 and a third heat exchanger 1104. The system 1100 may not require any external refrigeration. The demethanizer 1102 can be a distillation unit or multiple distillation units (e.g., in series). An OCM effluent stream 1105 is directed to the first heat exchanger 1101 at a pressure from about 10 bar (absolute) to 100 bar, or 40 bar to 70 bar. In the first heat exchanger 1101, the OCM effluent stream 1105 can be cooled upon heat transfer to demethanizer overhead streams 1106 and 1107, a demethanizer reboiler stream 1108 and a demethanizer bottom product stream 1109. In some cases, the demethanizer overhead streams 1106 and 1107 are combined into a common stream 1115 before or after they are passed through the first heat exchanger 1101. The OCM effluent stream 1105 is then expanded to a pressure of at least about 5 bar, 6 bar, 7 bar, 8 bar, 9 bar, 10 bar, or 15 bar, such as, for example, in a turbo-expander or similar machine or flashed over a valve or similar device. The cooled OCM effluent stream 1105 is then directed to the demethanizer 1102, where light components (e.g., CH₄, H₂ and CO) are separated from heavier components (e.g., ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and any other less volatile component present in the OCM effluent stream 1105). The light components are directed to an overhead stream 1110 while the heavier components are directed along the bottom product stream 1109. The demethanizer 1102 can be designed such that at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the ethylene in the OCM effluent stream 1105 is directed to the bottom product stream 1109.

The demethanizer overhead stream 1110, which can contain at least 50%, 60%, or 70% methane, can be divided into two streams. A first stream 1111 is compressed in compressor 1112 and cooled in the second heat exchanger 1103 and phase separated in a phase separation unit 1113 (e.g., vapor-liquid separator or distillation column). Vapors from the phase separation unit 1113 are expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar device) to provide part of the cooling duty required in heat exchangers 1101, 1103 and 1104. Liquids from the phase separation unit 1113 are sub-cooled in the third heat exchanger 1104 and recycled to the demethanizer 1102. A second stream 1114 from the overhead stream 1110 can be expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar device) to decrease its temperature and provide additional cooling to the heat exchangers 1101, 1103 and 1104.

FIG. 12 shows another separation system 1200 that may be employed for use with systems and methods of the present disclosure. The direction of fluid flow is shown in the figure. The system 1200 comprises a first heat exchanger 1201, a demethanizer 1202, and a second heat exchanger 1203. An OCM effluent stream 1204 is directed to the first heat exchanger 1201 at a pressure from about 2 bar (absolute) to 100 bar, or 3 bar to 10 bar. The first heat exchanger 1201 can interface with a propane refrigeration unit 1215 and/or an ethylene refrigeration unit 1216. In the first heat exchanger 1201, the OCM effluent stream 1204 can be cooled upon heat transfer to demethanizer overhead streams 1205 and 1206, a demethanizer reboiler stream, a demethanizer pump-around stream, and various levels of external refrigeration, such as using cooling fluids comprising ethylene and propylene. In some cases, the demethanizer overhead streams 1205 and 1206 are combined into a single stream 1214 before or after they are cooled. The cooled OCM effluent stream 1204 is then directed to the demethanizer 1202, where light components (e.g., CH₄, H₂ and CO) are separated from heavier components (e.g., ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and any other less volatile component present in the OCM effluent stream 1204). The light components are directed to an overhead stream 1207 and the heavier components are directed along a bottom product stream 1208. The demethanizer 1202 can be designed such that at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the ethylene in the OCM effluent stream 1204 is directed to the bottom product stream 1208.

The demethanizer overhead stream, which can contain at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80% methane, can be divided into two streams. A first stream 1213 can be compressed in a compressor 1209, cooled in the second heat exchanger 1203 and phase-separated in a phase separation unit 1210 (e.g., distillation column or vapor-liquid separator). Vapors from the phase separation unit 1210 can be expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar device) to provide part of the cooling duty required for the heat exchanger 1201 and 1203. Liquids from the phase separation unit 1210 can be sub-cooled and flashed (e.g., over a valve or similar device), and the resulting two-phase stream is separated in an additional phase separation unit 1211. Liquids from the additional phase separation unit 1211 are recycled to the demethanizer 1202 and vapors from the additional phase separation unit are mixed with expanded vapors from the phase separation unit 1210 prior to being directed to the second heat exchanger 1203.

A second stream 1212 from the overhead stream 1207 can be expanded (e.g., in a turbo-expander or similar device) to decrease its temperature and provide additional cooling for the heat exchanger 1201 and 1203. Any additional cooling that may be required for the second heat exchanger 1203 can be provided by an external refrigeration system, which may employ a cooling fluid comprising ethylene or an equivalent cooling medium.

In some cases, recycle split vapor (RSV) separation can be performed in combination with demethanization. In such a case, at least a portion of the overhead stream from a demethanizer unit (or column) may be split into at least two streams (see, e.g., FIGS. 10-12). At least one of the at least two streams may be pressurized, such as in a compressor, and directed to a heat exchanger.

In some instances, the methane undergoes an OCM and/or ETL process to produce liquid fuel or aromatic compounds (e.g., higher hydrocarbon liquids) and contains molecules that have gone through methanation. In some embodiments, the compounds have been through a recycle split vapor (RSV) separation process. In some cases, alkanes (e.g., ethane, propane, butane) are cracked in a post-bed cracker.

In some cases, some or all of a methane-containing feed stream (e.g., natural gas) can be processed in a separation system prior to being directed into an OCM reactor. Directing a methane-containing feed stream into an OCM reactor via a separation system or subsystem rather than into an OCM reactor directly can provide advantages, including but not limited to increasing the carbon efficiency of the process, optimizing the OCM process for methane processing, and optimizing the post-bed cracking (PBC) process for ethane processing. Such a configuration can result in higher back-end sizing for the system; however, in some cases (e.g., when using high pressure pipeline natural gas as a feedstock, high recycle ratio), the back-end sizing increase can be reduced or moderated. The separation system or subsystem can comprise a variety of operations including any discussed in the present disclosure, such as CO₂ removal via an amine system, caustic wash, dryers, demethanizers, deethanizers, and C₂ splitters. In some cases, all of the methane and ethane in the methane-containing feed stream (e.g., natural gas) passes through a separations system or separations subsystem prior to passing through an OCM reactor. Some or all of the ethane from the feed stream can be directed from the separation system or subsystem into the inlet of an OCM reactor or into a post-bed cracking (PBC) unit.

In some configurations, an OCM system can be operated in a cycle, with at least some of the products from one unit or subsystem being processed or reacted in the next unit or subsystem (see, e.g., FIG. 32). For example, oxygen (O₂) 3201 and methane (CH₄) feed 3202 can be provided to an OCM reactor 3203, which produces an OCM product stream 3204 comprising ethane (C₂H₆), ethylene (C₂H₄), carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon dioxide (CO₂), and heat. The OCM product stream can then be fed into an ethane conversion subsystem 3205 (e.g., a cracking vessel or an ethane cracker) in fluid communication with the OCM reactor. The ethane conversion subsystem can also receive an additional C₂H₆ stream 3206. The ethane conversion subsystem can convert C₂H₆ (e.g., crack C₂H₆ to C₂H₄) with the aid of the heat liberated by the OCM reaction; this heat can also be used to crack the C₂H₆ in the additional C₂H₆ stream. A C₂H₄ product stream 3207 can then be directed from the ethane conversion subsystem into a separations module 3208 in fluid communication with the ethane conversion subsystem. The separations module can enrich products such as C₂H₄ in the product stream. The separations module can also oligomerize C₂H₄ to form compounds comprising three or more carbon atoms (C₃₊ compounds). An enriched product stream 3209 enriched in C₂H₄ and/or C₃₊ compounds can be recovered from the separations module. A lights stream 3210 comprising components such as hydrogen (H₂) (e.g., hydrogen generated from the cracking of C₂H₆) and CO and/or CO₂ can be recovered from the separations module and directed into a methanation reactor 3211 in fluid communication with the separations module. The methanation reactor can react H₂ with CO and/or CO₂ to form a methanated stream 3212 comprising CH₄. The methanated stream can then be directed into the OCM reactor to provide additional methane for the OCM process. In some cases, energy generated in the methane conversion section in the form of high pressure steam, high temperature steam, heat, electricity, heat transferred via gas-gas heat exchanger, heat transferred via gas-liquid heat exchanger, or other forms, can be used to provide all of the energy and power required to run the entire plant or system. In some cases, a cyclical system or process can operate with a carbon efficiency such as those discussed in this disclosure. For example, such a system or process can operate with a carbon efficiency of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 90%. In some cases, such a system or process can operate with a carbon efficiency of between about 50% and about 85%, between about 55% and about 80%, between about 60% and about 80%, between about 65% and about 85%, between about 65% and about 80%, or between about 70% and about 80%. In some cases, such a system or process (or method) can operate such that a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system is at least about 0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, or at least about 0.90. In some cases, such a system or process can operate such that a ratio of all carbon atoms output from the system as hydrocarbons to all carbon atoms input to the system is between about 0.50 and about 0.85, between about 0.55 and about 0.80, between about 0.60 and about 0.80, between about 0.65 and about 0.85, between about 0.65 and about 0.80, or between about 0.70 and about 0.80.

It will be appreciated that systems and methods described herein are provided as examples and that various alternatives may be employed. It will be further appreciated that components of systems described herein are interchangeable. For instance, components for use in small scale production may be employed for use in world scale production, and vice versa.

Air Separation Units (ASU) and Power Production

An OCM reaction can convert a natural gas into a stream containing ethane, ethylene and other short olefins and alkanes, such as propene and propane. Unlike conventional (i.e., non-OCM) cracking-based production technologies for olefin production which may utilize energy to sustain the cracking reaction, the OCM process can generate power from the exothermic OCM reaction itself. Provided herein are systems and methods that can utilize the OCM reaction heat for steam generation, which in turn can be exploited for power generation.

In an OCM process, methane can react with an oxidizing agent such as oxygen over an OCM catalyst to generate ethylene. A wide set of competitive reactions can occur simultaneously over the OCM catalyst, including combustion of both methane and partial oxidations. Natural gas can be the source of methane, and can be combined with one or more recycle streams coming from downstream separation units (e.g., which can contain methane and ethane). Air, enriched air or pure oxygen can be used to supply the oxygen required for the reaction. All these reactions are exothermic and the relevant reaction heat can be recovered in order to cool the reactor effluent and feed the effluent to a downstream compressor, which can then send the effluent stream to downstream separation and recovery units.

Reaction heat (e.g., OCM reaction heat) can be used to supply some, most, or all of the energy used to operate systems and perform processes of the present disclosure. In some examples, reaction heat can be used to supply at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of energy for operating systems and performing processes of the present disclosure. For example, the reaction heat can be used to supply at least about 80% or 90% of all of the energy for operating systems or processes of the present disclosure. This can provide for an efficient, substantially self-contained system with reduced or even minimum external energy input.

Several process configurations can be adopted to enable the efficient recovery of the reaction heat. In some cases, the process utilizes the OCM reaction heat to i) supply the heat for the endothermic cracking reactions that convert the additional ethane feed to ethylene; and ii) generate steam to drive a downstream compressor. This process can achieve energy neutrality (no need for energy import or export to conduct the overall process), however it can require a relatively large number of unit operations which can lead to operational complexity, large capital costs and high pressure drops between the reactor outlet and the compressor suction. When the OCM process is combined with power generation, the integrated OCM-power process can be a simpler and more efficient process when compared to an individual OCM process and a separate power production unit producing the same amounts of ethylene and power.

This flexibility and synergy between olefin and power production can be exploited as a design feature and/or an operating feature. That is, the process configuration of an integrated OCM-power system can be designed in order to maximize ethylene production, or power production, or for any intermediate level of production of the two products. In the case of maximum ethylene production, the flow of the ethane stream injected into the OCM reactor can be maximized to conduct cracking reactions to the maximum allowable extent. If the OCM reactor is adiabatic, the maximum extent of cracking corresponds to designing the system to crack an amount of ethane that results in a decrease in temperature to the minimum viable temperature for cracking. In the case of maximum power production, the system can be designed for minimum ethane injection, which can be limited by the highest possible temperature at the outlet of the OCM reactor and, accordingly, the maximum amount of steam generation. The combined OCM-power system can be designed to operate at any level of power and olefin production in between these two constraints.

The same flexibility and synergy between ethylene and power production can be achieved at an operating level. For example, the combined OCM-power process can be designed to handle both the maximum olefin and the maximum power cases. In such cases, the plant operator has the ability to change the amount of ethylene and power production during operations by deciding at any given time the amount of ethane to be injected into the OCM reactor. This operating feature can be particularly advantageous for optimizing the financial performance of the plant once it is built because it can allow variation of the composition of the product portfolio at any given time based on the real time prices of the respective products.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) system for production of olefins and power. The system can include an OCM subsystem that takes as input a feed stream comprising methane (CH₄) and a feed stream comprising an oxidizing agent such as oxygen, and generates a product stream comprising C₂₊ compounds and heat from the methane and the oxidizing agent. The system can further include a power subsystem fluidically or thermally coupled to the OCM subsystem that converts the heat into electrical power.

The OCM subsystem can have at least one OCM reactor and at least one post-bed cracking unit within the OCM reactor or downstream of the OCM reactor. The post-bed cracking unit can be configured to convert at least a portion of alkanes in the product stream to alkenes. In some cases, the power subsystem has one or more turbines and can be a gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC). In some embodiments, the system further comprises a heat recovery steam generator (e.g., HRSG) for generating steam from the heat and the steam can be converted to electrical power in the power subsystem. In some instances, the power subsystem comprises a gas turbine and un-reacted methane from the OCM subsystem is converted to electrical power using the gas turbine.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for producing at least one C₂₊ alkene and power. The method can include directing methane and an oxidizing agent into a reactor comprising a catalyst unit, where the catalyst unit comprises an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) catalyst that facilitates an OCM reaction that produces C₂₊ alkene. The method can include reacting the methane and oxidizing agent with the aid of the OCM catalyst to generate at least one OCM product comprising at least one C₂₊ compound and heat. Electrical power can be generated from the heat.

In some cases, the heat is converted to steam and the steam is converted to power in a steam turbine. In some cases, un-reacted methane from the reactor is converted to electrical power in a gas turbine. In some instances, the reactor includes a cracking unit downstream of the catalyst unit, where the cracking unit generates C₂₊ alkene from C₂₊ alkane. The method can further include providing at least one hydrocarbon-containing stream that is directed through the cracking unit, which hydrocarbon-containing stream has at least one C₂₊ alkane. At least one C₂₊ alkane can be cracked to provide the at least one C₂₊ alkene in a product stream that is directed out of the reactor. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon-containing stream comprises at least one OCM product. The C₂₊ alkene produced from the hydrocarbon-containing stream in the cracking unit can be in addition to the C₂₊ alkene produced from the methane and the oxidizing agent in the reactor. In some embodiments, the amount of steam produced is varied or the amount of at least one hydrocarbon-containing stream that is directed through the cracking unit is varied to alter the amount of electrical power produced and the amount of C₂₊ alkene produced.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a HRSG system 1300 that may be employed for use as the HRSG 507. The HRSG system 1300 comprises a gas turbine 1301, HRSG 1302, power generation unit 1303 and an air separation unit (ASU) 1304. The system 1300 comprises streams 1305, 1306, 1309 and 1310.

During use, the HRSG 1302 can transfer heat to a methane-containing stream (e.g., methane-containing stream 505). Purge gas from an OCM process can be burned to compress air as feed to ASU unit 1304. Additional high pressure steam may be provided along stream 1306. Power generated by the power generation unit 1303 can be directed to an OCM system 1307, an energy storage unit or power distribution system 1308, and/or the ASU 1304. The air separation unit accepts compressed air from the gas turbine 1301 and separates the compressed air to O₂ that is directed along stream 1309 and N₂, which can be purged. The HRSG system 1300 further comprises a purge stream 1305 that is directed into the gas turbine, and a flue gas stream 1310 that is directed out of the HRSG 1302.

FIG. 14 shows an example of an OCM process for producing ethylene and power. Natural gas 1402 and in some cases, additional ethane 1404, can be cleaned of sulfur-containing compounds in a de-sulfurization unit 1406 and fed into a process gas compressor 1408. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 1410 can be removed in a process gas cleanup module 1412 and fed to the methanation reactor 1426 (connection not shown). The gas cleaned of CO₂ can be fed into a separations module 1414 where one or more product fractions 1416 can be isolated (e.g., C₂, C₃, C₄₊ compounds).

Alkanes such as ethane can be recycled 1418 from the separations module to the OCM reactor 1420, where they can be injected into the post-bed cracking region of the reactor to generate olefins from the alkanes. The alkane recycle stream 1418 can be heated in a heat exchanger or a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) 1422 (for simplicity, connection to HRSG not shown). Carbon monoxide 1424 from the separations module 1414 and carbon dioxide from module 1412 (connection not shown) can be fed into a methanation reactor 1426 along with hydrogen 1424 for conversion to methane. The methane recycle 1428 can be heated in the HRSG 1422 and returned to the OCM reactor 1420.

The HRSG can provide high-pressure stream 1430 to a steam turbine 1432 to produce power 1434. The steam and energy to heat the steam can be sourced from any suitable part of the process including from the OCM reactor 1436. Additional sources of steam and/or heat can include from combustion of fuel gas 1438 provided from the separations module, from the exhaust 1440 from a gas turbine 1445, and/or from cooling the effluent from the OCM reactor 1420 (not shown). Additional fuel gas 1450 can be provided to the gas turbine 1445. The gas turbine can produce electrical power 1455 and can drive a compressor (e.g., on the same shaft with the power generator) to supply compressed air 1460 for an air separation unit (ASU) 1465 or a vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) unit to supply oxygen to the OCM reactor 1420.

The combined OCM-power process shown in FIG. 14 can have numerous advantages over processes without power integration (e.g., FIGS. 26-31). For example, the total number of unit operations can be lower due to the heat recovery section of the combined cycle GTCC (that recovers the heat from the gas turbine exhaust) being utilized for OCM-related services, thus making a feed-product exchanger and a steam superheater redundant. The lower number of unit operations can lead to lower capital cost and operational simplicity. The pressure drop from the OCM reactor outlet to the compressor suction can be reduced by up to 2 bar due to the elimination of two large heat exchangers when integrating OCM with power production. The reduced pressure drop can leads to an increased process efficiency (due to the lower power consumption in compressors) and a lower capital cost (due to the smaller size of the compressors).

Oxidizing Agents

An OCM process requires the presence of an oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent can be oxygen supplied from air fed to the reactor. In some cases the oxidizing agent can be pure oxygen, supplied by pipeline or recovered from air. In some cases oxygen can be separated from air by cryogenic distillation, as in an Air Separation Unit. In some cases, various membrane separation technologies can be applied to generate an oxygen rich stream. In certain cases, the oxygen stream can be produced by a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit or a vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) unit. In certain cases, while using air as the oxidizing agent, a nitrogen recovery unit (NRU) can be used to reduce the nitrogen content in the OCM reactor system. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/739,954 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/936,870, which are entirely incorporated herein by reference.

Ethane Skimming

Systems and methods of the present disclosure can be used to convert both methane and ethane to ethylene, in some cases along with some co-products and by-products. Ethane can be fed directly into a post-bed cracker (PBC), which can be a portion of an OCM reactor downstream of the OCM catalyst, where the heat generated in the OCM reaction can be used to crack the ethane to ethylene. As an alternative, the PBC can be a unit that is separate from the OCM reactor and in some cases in thermal communication with the OCM reactor. The ethane feed stream to the OCM reactor can include (a) ethane recycled to the OCM reactor from an OCM reactor effluent stream, which can be separated in at least one downstream separation module and recycled to the OCM reactor, (b) ethane present in other feed streams (e.g., natural gas), which can be separated in at least one separation module and recycled to the OCM reactor, and (c) any additional (i.e., fresh) ethane feed.

The maximum amount of ethane that can be converted in the PBC can be limited by the flow rate of material exiting the OCM catalyst and/or its temperature. It can be advantageous to utilize a high proportion of the maximum amount of PBC. In some cases, the amount of ethane converted to ethylene is about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99% of the maximum amount of ethane that can be converted to ethylene in the PBC. In some instances, the amount of ethane converted to ethylene is at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the maximum amount of ethane that can be converted to ethylene in the PBC.

Achieving a high proportion (e.g., greater than or equal to about 60%, 70%, or 80%) of the maximum PBC capacity can be accomplished by adding natural gas to the system, which can have a concentration of ethane that depends on many factors, including the geography and type and age of the natural gas well. The treatment and separation modules of the OCM process described herein can be used to purify the OCM effluent, but can be used to treat (e.g., remove water and CO₂) and purify the natural gas that is added to the system along with the OCM effluent, such as, e.g., by separating C₂₊ compounds from methane and separating ethane from ethylene. In some cases, ethane contained in the natural gas feed can be recycled to the OCM reactor (e.g., PBC region) as pure ethane and the system may not be sensitive to the purity and composition of the natural gas, making raw natural gas a suitable input to the system.

The maximal PBC capacity can depend on the ratio between methane and ethane in the input to the OCM reactor, including in some instances the PBC portion. In some cases, the PBC capacity is saturated when the molar ratio of methane to ethane is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, or about 15. In some cases, the PBC capacity is saturated when the molar ratio of methane to ethane is at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 11, at least about 12, at least about 13, at least about 14, or at least about 15. In some cases, the PBC capacity is saturated when the molar ratio of methane to ethane is at most about 5, at most about 6, at most about 7, at most about 8, at most about 9, at most about 10, at most about 11, at most about 12, at most about 13, at most about 14 or at most about 15. In some cases, the PBC capacity is saturated when the molar ratio of methane to ethane is between about 7 and 10 parts methane to one part ethane.

Natural gas (raw gas or sales gas) can have a concentration of ethane of less than about 30 mol %, 25 mol %, 20 mol %, 15 mol %, 10 mol %, 9 mol %, 8 mol %, 7 mol %, 6 mol %, 5 mol %, 4 mol %, 3 mol %, 2 mol % or 1 mol %. In some cases, natural gas has a methane to ethane ratio greater than about 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1 or 40:1. The ethane skimmer implementation of OCM described herein can be used to inject more natural gas feed into the system than what may be required to produce the desired or predetermined amount of ethylene. The excess methane can be drawn from a stream downstream of the methanation unit and sold as sales gas (which may lack an appreciable amount of ethane but can still meet pipeline specifications and/or can be directed to a power plant for power production). The ethane in the additional natural gas feed can be used to saturate the PBC capacity. Any excess ethane can be drawn from the C₂ splitter and exported as pure ethane. The ethane skimmer implementation described herein can result in additional product streams from the OCM system (namely sales gas and natural gas liquids). In such a case, the OCM process can be used to achieve both ethylene production and natural gas processing.

The ethane skimmer implementation can be readily understood by reference to FIG. 15 (showing additional ethane feed to saturate PBC) and FIG. 16 (showing the ethane skimmer implementation). In FIG. 15, at least some or most (e.g., >70%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, or >99%) of the methane in the natural gas (NG) feed 1500 ends up in the methane recycle 1505, at least some or most (e.g., >70%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, or >99%) of the ethane in the NG feed ends up in the ethane recycle stream 1510, at least some or most (e.g., >70%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, or >99%) propane in the NG feed ends up in the C₃ mixed products stream (e.g., Refinery Grade Propylene (RPG)) 1515, at least some or most (e.g., >70%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, or >99%) of the C₄₊ in the NG feed ends up in the C₄ mixed stream 1520, and ethane is added 1525 up to the point where the PBC cracking capacity 1530 is saturated or nearly saturated (e.g., >70%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, or >99%). In contrast, in the ethane skimmer implementation (FIG. 16), some of the methane (any proportion) can end up in a sales gas stream 1600 and if there is excess ethane, it can end up in an ethane product stream 1605. The ethane skimmer implementation does not require a separate (i.e., fresh) ethane stream to saturate or nearly saturate the PBC capacity of the system.

Gas Processing Plants

An OCM process for generating olefins (e.g., ethylene) can be a standalone process, or it can be integrated in other processes, such as non-OCM processes (e.g., NGL process). FIG. 17 shows a system 1700 comprising an existing gas plant 1701 that has been retrofitted with an OCM system 1702 (or with an OCM-ETL system for the production of other olefins (e.g., propylene)). A raw natural gas (NG) feed 1703 is directed into the existing gas plant 1701, which comprises a treatment unit 1704, NGL extraction unit 1705, compression unit 1706 and fractionation unit 1707. The NGL extraction unit 1705 can be a gas processing unit that can use a gas processing recovery technology such as a recycle split vapor (RSV) technology or other technologies. The NGL extraction unit 1705 can be a demethanizer unit, optionally a demethanizer unit incorporated with a recycle split vapor (RSV) retrofit or standalone unit. The treatment unit 1704 can remove water, H₂S and CO₂ from the NG feed 1703 and direct natural gas to the NGL extraction or processing unit 1705. The NGL extraction unit 1705 can remove NGLs (e.g., ethane, propane, butane, etc.) from methane and direct methane (with some traces of NGLs and inert gas) to the compression unit 1706 along fluid stream 1708. NGLs or C₂₊ components can be directed to fractionation unit 1707. At least a portion or almost all of the methane (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 99%) from the fluid stream 1708 is directed along stream 1709 to an OCM reactor 1710 of the OCM system 1702. This integration of an OCM system (in some other cases OCM-ETL system) with an existing natural gas processing or NGLs extraction plant can improve the recovery of olefin/s production by implementing one of the gas processing technologies (e.g., RSV). This integration is suitable for a small scale and world scale olefin production (e.g., ethylene production).

With continued reference to FIG. 17, the compression unit 1706 compresses methane in the fluid stream 1708 and directs compressed methane to a methanation system 1711, which converts any CO, CO₂ and H₂ in the fluid stream 1708 to methane, which is then directed to natural gas pipeline 1712 for distribution to end users. In some cases, the methanation outlet stream can be treated to remove water (not shown). The dryer system can consist one or more of the following. A bed or multiple desiccant (molecular sieve) beds, separator vessels to condense and separate the water.

The NGLs extraction unit 1705 can extract C₂₊ compounds from the NG feed 1703. NGLs or C₂₊ compounds from the NGL extraction unit 1705 are directed to the fractionation unit 1707, which can be a distillation column. The fractionation unit 1707 splits the C₂₊ compounds into streams comprising various C₂₊ compounds, such as a C₂ stream along with C₃, C₄ and C₅ streams. The C₂ stream can be directed to a C₂ splitter 1713 (e.g., distillation column), which separates ethane from ethylene. Ethane is then directed along stream 1714 to a post-bed cracking (PBC) unit 1715 of the OCM system 1702. In some cases, C₃ and/or C₄ compounds can be taken from the C₂ splitter 1713 and fed into a downstream region of a post-bed cracking (PBC) reactor for olefin production. In some situations, C₄ and/or C₅ streams can be directed to a C₄ or C₅ splitter (e.g., a distillation column), which, for example, separate iso-butane (iC₄) from normal butane (nC₄) and/or separate iso-pentane (iC₅) from normal pentane (nC₅). In some situations, other alkanes, such as propane and butane, can be directed to the PBC unit 1715.

In the OCM system 1702, methane from the stream 1709 and oxygen along stream 1716 are directed to the OCM reactor 1719. The OCM reactor 1710 generates an OCM product (or effluent) stream comprising C₂₊ compounds in an OCM process, as discussed elsewhere herein. C₂₊ alkanes (e.g., ethane) in the product stream, as well as C₂ alkanes in the stream 1714, may be cracked to C₂₊ alkenes (e.g., ethylene) in the PBC unit 1715 downstream of the OCM reactor 1710. The product stream is then directed to a condenser 1717, which removes water from the product stream. The product stream is then directed to a compression unit 1718 and subsequently another compression unit 1719. Methane from the compression unit 1719 is directed to the NG feed 1703 along stream 1720.

The OCM system 1702 can include one or more OCM reactor 1710. For example, the OCM reactor 1710 can be an OCM reactor train comprising multiple OCM reactors. The OCM system 1702 can include one or more PBC reactors 1715.

The compression units 1718 and 1719 can each be a multistage gas compression unit. Each stage of such multistage gas compression unit can be followed by cooling and liquid hydrocarbon and water removal.

Ethylene Plants

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing C₂₊ compounds by performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction to produce an OCM effluent comprising methane (CH₄), hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), ethylene (C₂H₄) and C₂₊ compounds. The OCM effluent can be separated into a first stream comprising C₂₊ compounds and a second stream comprising CH₄, CO₂, and H₂. The second stream can be methanated to produce a first OCM reactor feed comprising additional CH₄ formed from the CO₂ and the H₂ in the second stream. A third stream can be methanated to produce a second OCM reactor feed comprising CH₄. The third stream can comprise CH₄ and H₂ from demethanizer off-gas from an ethylene cracker. The first and second OCM reactor feeds can then be provided to the OCM reaction.

In some embodiments, the second stream and the third stream are methanated in a single methanation reactor. The method can further comprise providing the first stream to the separation section of the ethylene cracker. The ethylene cracker can be an existing ethylene cracker, which may be present prior to retrofitting with an OCM reactor and additional unit operations. The separation section may be evaluated for available capacity to process the additional feed. In some cases, the cracker operation can be modified to operate at a lower severity, hence making some additional capacity available in the existing separation section, especially C₁, C₂ and C₃ area. In some cases, the first stream is provided to a gas compressor or a fractionation unit of the ethylene cracker. In some embodiments, the third stream is the overhead stream of a demethanizer of the ethylene cracker. In some cases, separation is performed in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit. In some embodiments, the OCM effluent is compressed prior to separating in the PSA unit. In some cases, the separation section also includes, but is not limited to, a CO₂ removal system, which typically includes an amine system or a caustic tower and/or dryers to remove water from the OCM effluent.

The method can further comprise feeding oxygen (O₂) to the OCM reaction. In some cases, the OCM effluent further comprises carbon monoxide (CO) and the CO is converted into CH₄ in operation (c). In some instances, the third stream further comprises CO₂ or CO. The OCM reaction can further react additional CH₄ from external supply of natural gas. In some embodiments, the third stream further comprises CH₄.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) system for production of C₂₊ compounds. The system can comprise an OCM subsystem that (i) takes as input a feed stream comprising methane (CH₄) and a feed stream comprising an oxidizing agent, and (ii) generates a product stream comprising C₂₊ compounds from the CH₄ and the oxidizing agent. The system can further comprise a separation subsystem fluidically coupled to the OCM subsystem that separates the product stream into (i) a first stream comprising C₂₊ compounds and (ii) a second stream comprising methane (CH₄) hydrogen (H₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and/or carbon monoxide (CO). The system can further comprise a methanation subsystem fluidically coupled to the second stream and to the OCM subsystem, wherein the methanation subsystem converts H₂ and CO₂ and/or CO into CH₄. The system can further comprise an ethylene cracker subsystem fluidically coupled to the methanation subsystem that provides additional CH₄ and H₂ to the methanation subsystem.

In some embodiments, the methanation subsystem provides CH₄ for the OCM subsystem. The additional CH₄ and H₂ can be derived from the demethanizer overhead of the ethylene cracker subsystem. The first stream comprising C₂+ components can be fluidically coupled to the ethylene cracker subsystem. The first stream can be fractionated in the ethylene cracker subsystem. The separation subsystem can include a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit.

In some instances, the OCM subsystem is supplied additional CH₄ from a natural gas feed stream. In some cases, the oxidizing agent is O₂ (e.g., provided by air from an air separation unit or any other type of oxygen concentration unit).

In some embodiments, the OCM subsystem comprises at least one OCM reactor. In some instances, the OCM subsystem comprises at least one post-bed cracking unit within the at least one OCM reactor or downstream of the at least one OCM reactor, which post-bed cracking unit is configured to convert at least a portion of alkanes in the product stream to alkenes. In some cases, the reactor is adiabatic or substantially adiabatic (including, for example, the post-bed cracking unit). In some instances, the post-bed cracking unit uses ethane and propane recycle streams from the existing Ethylene cracker subsystem to achieve conversion to ethylene. In some cases, the recycle streams are routed to the cracking furnaces to completely crack the recycle streams.

FIG. 18 shows an example of an OCM process integrated with an existing ethylene cracker. The OCM reactor 1800 takes in methane and oxygen 1802 and produces an OCM effluent 1805 having CO₂, CH₄ and C₂H₄, in some cases amongst other components, such as H₂ and CO. The OCM reaction can be exothermic and can produce stream 1807. The OCM effluent 1805 can be compressed in a compressor 1810 and fed into a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit 1815.

The PSA unit can produce an overhead stream 1820 that can include H₂, CH₄, CO₂ and CO. The overhead stream can be fed into a methanation subsystem 1822 (e.g., methanation reactor) to provide methane for the OCM reactor 1800. Additional methane can be provided by way of a natural gas stream 1824.

The process of FIG. 18 further includes an existing ethylene cracker 1830 with a demethanizer off gas stream. Demethanizer off gas from the existing ethylene cracker 1830 subsystem can supply additional CH₄ and H₂ that may be required for methanation. Methane generated in the ethylene cracker 1830 can be returned to the OCM reactor 1800 via stream 1826.

Heavier components can exit the PSA separately 1825 and include ethane, ethylene and C₃₊ compounds, which can be fractionated using existing separations capacity in the ethylene cracker 1830. The heavy components can be processed in the fractionation towers of the ethylene cracker, optionally first being compressed in the existing process gas compressor of the ethylene cracker. In some cases, the heavy components stream can be routed to the CO₂ removal unit of the existing ethylene cracker subsystem to meet the CO₂ specification.

In processes, systems, and methods of the present disclosure, a Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactor can be used to replace a methanation reactor, for example in a methane recycle stream. CO and H₂, such as that found in a methane recycle stream, can be converted to a variety of paraffinic linear hydrocarbons, including methane, in an F-T reaction. Higher levels of linear hydrocarbons, such as ethane, can improve OCM process efficiency and economics. For example, effluent from an OCM reactor can be directed through a cooling/compression system and other processes before removal of a recycle stream in a de-methanizer. The recycle stream can comprise CH₄, CO, and H₂, and can be directed into an F-T reactor. The F-T reactor can produce CH₄ and C₂₊ paraffins for recycling into the OCM reactor. A range of catalysts, including any suitable F-T catalyst, can be employed. Reactor designs, including those discussed in the present disclosure, can be employed. F-T reactor operation conditions, including temperature and pressure, can be optimized. This approach can reduce H₂ consumption compared to a methanation reactor.

The combination of a new OCM unit and an existing ethylene cracker is expected to have certain synergistic benefits. In some cases, prior to retrofit of an ethylene cracker with OCM, the entire overhead from the existing demethanizer was being used as fuel gas, and can now be available as one of the feeds to the methanation unit. In some cases, the demethanizer overhead off-gas comprises up to 95% methane which can be converted to Ethylene in the OCM reactor, hence increasing the total ethylene capacity. In some cases, the hydrogen content in the existing demethanizer overhead is substantial, and may be enough to meet the hydrogen requirement of the methanation unit.

In some cases, retrofitting an ethylene cracker with OCM reduces (or allows for reduction of) the severity of cracking in the existing cracker, enabling value addition by increasing the production of pyrolysis gasoline components in the cracker effluent, as the OCM reactor produces the ethylene needed to achieve the total system capacity. The cracker can then be operated on high propylene mode to produce more propylene and at the same time meeting the ethylene production rate by the new OCM unit. This retrofit can result in greater flexibility for the ethylene producer with respect to the existing cracker operation.

In some instances, the overall carbon efficiency is increased as the methane and hydrogen from the existing demethanizer off-gases can be utilized to convert the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to methane, which is fed to the OCM reactor.

In some instances, ethane and/or propane recycle streams from the existing cracker can be routed to the OCM unit (e.g., instead of the cracking furnaces). These recycle streams are typically routed to the cracking furnaces where they are “cracked to extinction.” The advantage over routing the recycle streams to OCM over the cracking furnace is higher selectivity to ethylene in the OCM process.

Purge gas from the OCM-methanation system can (at least partially) meet the fuel gas requirements of the existing cracker complex. In some cases, the fuel requirements are met by the existing demethanizer off-gas.

Additional capacity (e.g., for ethylene, propylene or pyrolysis gasoline components) can be gained by integrating an OCM unit and supplying additional natural gas feed to the OCM reactor unit which will increase ethylene production, and the existing cracker can be operated at a reduced severity and/or increased throughput to produce more olefin and/or pyrolysis gas components. Additional fractionation equipment can be used to recover ethylene, for example, if the existing separations section does not have sufficient capacity, or if the existing cracker is operated at a substantially higher throughput than it was built for.

With regard to the present disclosure allowing for reduced severity of cracking, a cracking furnace can thermally crack the hydrocarbon feed comprising of a full range naphtha, light naphtha, ethane, propane or LPG feed to produce ethylene and propylene, along with pyrolysis gas oil, fuel oil and a methane-rich off-gas. The product mix can depend on the feed composition and the process operating conditions. Important process variables can include steam to hydrocarbon ratio (which can vary from 0.3 for ethane and propane feed, and 0.5 for naphtha feed and as high as 0.7 for light vacuum gas oil feeds), temperature (which can vary from 750-850° C.), and the residence time (which can vary, typically in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 seconds). The cracking reaction is favored by low hydrocarbon partial pressure and hence steam can be added to reduce the hydrocarbon partial pressure. Higher steam to hydrocarbon ratio can improve selectivity at the cost of more energy. Severity is the extent or the depth of cracking, with higher severity achieved by operating the cracking furnace at a higher temperature. High severity operation yields more ethylene, and also results in higher rate of coke formation and hence a reduced time between decoking. As the cracking severity is reduced, the yield of ethylene and lighter components decreases and the yield of propylene and heavier components increases. For liquid feeds, severity is measured as the weight ratio of propylene to ethylene in the cracked gases. For gaseous feeds, severity is measured as percentage conversion (mass) of the key components (e.g., percentage disappearance of ethane or propane). The cracking furnace can be operated to maximize ethylene or propylene, depending on the economics and demand. Another process variable in cracker operation is the coil outlet pressure (COP) which is the pressure at the outlet of furnace coils. Low absolute pressure improves selectivity and the pressure is usually kept at about 30 psia for gaseous feeds and 25 psia for liquid feeds.

For example, the influence of pyrolysis temperature can be isolated by keeping the residence time and steam content constant. As the furnace exit temperature increase, ethylene yield also rises, while yields of propylene and pyrolysis gasoline decrease. At very high temperature, residence time can become the controlling factor. Highest ethylene yields can be achieved by operating at high severity (e.g., about 850° C.), with residence time ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 seconds.

There are numerous ways that the synergies between an OCM unit and an existing ethylene cracker can be realized. Depending on the desired product cut, the OCM unit can significantly increase the flexibility of operation and provide additional capacity gain at a lower incremental cost. Based on the existing plant operation, the desired product spectrum and natural gas availability, integrating an OCM unit with an existing ethylene plant (e.g., naphtha cracker or gas cracker) can offer considerable benefits including:

In some cases, natural gas is more economical than naphtha for converting to ethylene and propylene. Integration with OCM can provide the plant the flexibility to operate with a different feedstock at desired severity. In some cases, the integrating with OCM gives an operational flexibility, to operate at the desired throughput and feed mix depending on the option that makes best economic sense for the operator.

Installing more cracking capacity to an existing cracker can require the entire train of process units to be debottlenecked (e.g., quench, gasoline fractionation, compression, refrigeration, and recovery unit). In contrast, gaining capacity by integrating with OCM can result in minimum impact on the existing process unit debottlenecking. For example, since the OCM reaction is highly selective to ethylene (e.g., greater than 50%), there can be a minimum impact on the rest of the system (e.g., especially the hot section and C₃₊ handling unit).

The OCM reaction is highly exothermic and the high heat of reaction can be put to multiple uses. It may be used to crack more ethane (e.g., from the ethane and propane recycle streams of the existing cracker) to further improve conversion to ethylene. The heat of reaction may also be used to generate steam which can be used to meet process requirements or generate power. The OCM unit can be a net exporter of steam and/or power. Pyrolysis process retrofit with OCM

In an OCM process, methane (CH₄) reacts with an oxidizing agent over a catalyst bed to generate C₂₊ compounds. The OCM process produces olefins, such as ethylene, and can add to or replace olefin production from a pyrolysis process (e.g., ethane cracking or naphtha cracking). In some cases, a low price natural gas feedstock (used by the OCM process) makes the retrofit to the cracker (which uses expensive feedstock such as naphtha or ethane) an attractive and economical process.

FIG. 19 illustrates how a cracker 1932 can be retrofitted (integrated) with the OCM process. Various unit operations between the blocks and columns are not shown for the purposes of simplification of the drawing. With reference to FIG. 19, the integrated process uses OCM effluent 1900 from an OCM reactor 1902 (containing C₁, and C₂₊ type hydrocarbons) that utilize a separation train downstream of the cracker 1932 to produce olefins 1904, such as ethylene and propylene. Natural gas 1934 is fed into the OCM reactor, along with a source of O₂ 1936 (e.g., air or enriched oxygen). The natural gas can be de-sulfurized in a sulfur removal unit 1938.

A lean oil absorber 1906 using light or heavy pyrolysis gas from the cracker, or any oil stream containing hydrocarbons in the C₅ to C₁₀ range from refining and/or natural gas processing plants, can be used to separate the C₁ from the C₂₊ hydrocarbons and uses all or some of the unit operations downstream of the quench tower 1908 of a typical cracker for the cleaning and separations of the hydrocarbons.

The OCM effluent to the process gas compressor (PGC) 1910 compresses the gas to a pressure between 200-800 psia. Water present in the OCM effluent can be removed. A mole sieve drier is a non-limiting example of a process that may remove water from the system, but any conventional water removal system can be used in this system. The effluent is then cooled to between 50° F. and −80° F., in some cases between −20° F. to −60° F., (depending on C₂₊ purity required by the cracker) and sent to lean oil absorber column 1906.

The lean oil absorber 1906 can run with both a light pyrolysis gas (such as C₅₊ pyrolysis gas) obtained from the quench tower of a typical cracker 1912 and also a heavy pyrolysis gas (such as C₇₊ pyrolysis gas) 1914 typically obtained from the heavies fractionator, such as a de-butanizer, de-pentanizer, or gasoline stripper of a cracker, or gasoline from the aromatics extraction plant (either raffinate/light pyrolysis gasoline or the heavy pyrolysis gasoline stream).

The absorber can operate with 40-100 stages, 200-800 psia, and −80° F. to 50° F., providing C₂ recovery of 75%-100%. The ratio of the lbs of C₁/lb ethylene from the bottoms of the absorber can be between 1.0-3.0 lbs C₁/lb ethylene depending on the conditions used in the absorber. The lean oil losses in the process are as low as 0.0004-0.001 wt % of lean oil. The ratio of lean oil to OCM effluent is between 0.5-5.5 on a mass basis.

The rich C₂₊ stream can then be sent to the PGC of the cracker 1916, treated and separated to produce olefins, such as ethylene. For example, the rich oil can be fed to the compressor's third stage discharge drum, where it can flash lights into the fourth stage suction, while the heavies can be sent to the second stage suction for further recovery of lights. Eventually the oil can be recovered in the Quench tower 1980 and sent back to the lean oil absorber. Alternatively, the rich oil can be sent to a new stripping column, with the lights then sent to the appropriate suction drum of the PGC.

If the constraints of the cracker are such that a purer C₂ spec is required or if the demethanizer of the cracker is constrained by methane removal capacity, a C₁/C₂ fractionator 1918 can be added to recover 60-100% of the methane from the overhead of the fractionator with a much purer C₂₊ stream sent to the either the demethanizer or the deethanizer of the cracker. The C₂₊ can then be separated in the separations train to produce olefins and the C₁ sent back to the OCM as recycle C₁ 1920. Depending on the CO₂ concentration from the C₁/C₂ fractionator, a caustic wash can be used or the C₂₊ sent to the gas treating section for CO₂ removal.

The C₁/C₂ fractionator can run between 200-800 psia, and provide 99.0-99.9% recovery of the methane from the C₂₊ stream. This can be sent to gas treating 1922 before separations 1924 and/or the demethanizer and/or the deethanizer in the cracker depending on the concentration of CO₂ and C₁ in the C₂₊ stream from the fractionator.

Refrigeration power can also be recovered from the C₁ recycle stream to the OCM depending on the conditions at which the absorber and OCM are running. Refrigeration power anywhere between 0.1 kilowatts (KW)/pound ethylene to 1 KW/pound ethylene can be recovered.

The CO₂ 1926 from the overhead of either the absorber or the fractionator can be sent to a methanation unit 1928 in which the CO₂ and CO react with the H₂ in the presence of a catalyst to form CH₄ and recycled back to the OCM reactor.

Natural gas produced in the demethanizer of the cracker train can be sent back to the OCM unit to the methanation section. The H₂ content in the recycle stream can be methanated in the presence of CO₂ and CO in the methanation reactor and sent to the OCM reactor as feed natural gas.

The OCM process also produces a purge stream 1930, with a heating value in the range of 800 British Thermal Units (BTU)/SCF to 1000 BTU/SCF that can be used as fuel gas, make-up or otherwise. Additional natural gas may also be fed to the cracker furnace through streams 1920 before methanation of the C₁ recycle, or stream 1944 after methanation (such as, e.g., depending on cracker requirements), to provide fuel gas since the fuel oil is utilized in a more efficient manner of producing olefins. The present example shows how olefins 1904 can be produced from both natural gas 1934 and cracker feed 1940 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 19).

In some cases, the cracker 1932 generates ethane in addition to olefins. The ethane can be recycled to an ethane conversion section of the OCM reactor 1902 for conversion to olefins.

Control Systems

The present disclosure provides computer control systems that can be employed to regulate or otherwise control OCM methods and systems provided herein. A control system of the present disclosure can be programmed to control process parameters to, for example, effect a given product distribution, such as a higher concentration of alkenes as compared to alkanes in a product stream out of an OCM reactor.

FIG. 20 shows a computer system 2001 that is programmed or otherwise configured to regulate OCM reactions, such as regulate fluid properties (e.g., temperature, pressure and stream flow rate(s)), mixing, heat exchange and OCM reactions. The computer system 2001 can regulate, for example, fluid stream (“stream”) flow rates, stream temperatures, stream pressures, OCM reactor temperature, OCM reactor pressure, the quantity of products that are recycled, and the quantity of a first stream (e.g., methane stream) that is mixed with a second stream (e.g., air stream).

The computer system 2001 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also “processor” and “computer processor” herein) 2005, which can be a single core or multi core processor, or a plurality of processors for parallel processing. The computer system 2001 also includes memory or memory location 2010 (e.g., random-access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 2015 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 2020 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 2025, such as cache, other memory, data storage and/or electronic display adapters. The memory 2010, storage unit 2015, interface 2020 and peripheral devices 2025 are in communication with the CPU 2005 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit 2015 can be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data.

The CPU 2005 can execute a sequence of machine-readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, such as the memory 2010. Examples of operations performed by the CPU 2005 can include fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.

The storage unit 2015 can store files, such as drivers, libraries and saved programs. The storage unit 2015 can store programs generated by users and recorded sessions, as well as output(s) associated with the programs. The storage unit 2015 can store user data, e.g., user preferences and user programs. The computer system 2001 in some cases can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system 2001, such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system 2001 through an intranet or the Internet.

The computer system 2001 can be in communication with an OCM system 2030, including an OCM reactor and various process elements. Such process elements can include sensors, flow regulators (e.g., valves), and pumping systems that are configured to direct a fluid.

Methods as described herein can be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system 2001, such as, for example, on the memory 2010 or electronic storage unit 2015. The machine executable or machine readable code can be provided in the form of software. During use, the code can be executed by the processor 2005. In some cases, the code can be retrieved from the storage unit 2015 and stored on the memory 2010 for ready access by the processor 2005. In some situations, the electronic storage unit 2015 can be precluded, and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory 2010.

The code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine have a processor adapted to execute the code, or can be compiled during runtime. The code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.

Aspects of the systems and methods provided herein, such as the computer system 2001, can be embodied in programming. Various aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of machine (or processor) executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine readable medium. Machine-executable code can be stored on an electronic storage unit, such memory (e.g., read-only memory, random-access memory, flash memory) or a hard disk. “Storage” type media can include any or all of the tangible memory of the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide non-transitory storage at any time for the software programming. All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through the Internet or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another, for example, from a management server or host computer into the computer platform of an application server. Thus, another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links. The physical elements that carry such waves, such as wired or wireless links, optical links or the like, also may be considered as media bearing the software. As used herein, unless restricted to non-transitory, tangible “storage” media, terms such as computer or machine “readable medium” refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.

Hence, a machine readable medium, such as computer-executable code, may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium, a carrier wave medium or physical transmission medium. Non-volatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases, etc. shown in the drawings. Volatile storage media include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and/or data. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

EXAMPLES

Below are various non-limiting examples of uses and implementations of OCM catalysts and systems of the present disclosure.

Example 1 Implementation of OCM

About 1,000,000 metric tons/year of polymer grade ethylene is produced via the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The OCM reactor comprises a 2-stage adiabatic axial fixed bed that utilizes an OCM catalyst (e.g., nanowire catalyst) to convert methane and high purity oxygen to ethylene. The methane feed to the OCM reactor is the recycle stream from a downstream demethanizer over-head supplemented by CO and CO₂ conversion to methane in a two-stage methanation reactor. The hot OCM effluent from a second stage of the reactor effluent is mixed with heated recycle ethane from a downstream C₂ splitter and cracked to convert ethane primarily into ethylene. Hot reactor effluent is used to heat OCM reactor feed, generate high-pressure steam and heat process condensate. Cold reactor effluent is compressed and mixed with sulfur-free pipeline natural gas and treated to remove CO₂ and H₂O prior to cryogenic separations. The treated process gas is fed to a demethanizer column to recover about 99% of ethylene as column bottoms stream. Demethanizer bottoms steam is separated in deethanizer column to separate C₂'s from C₃₊ components. Deethanizer column overhead is first treated in selective hydrogenation unit to convert acetylene into ethylene and ethane using H₂ from a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Unit. The resulting stream is separated in a C₂ splitter unit to separate ethylene from ethane. Deethanizer bottoms stream is sent to a De-propanizer to obtain Refinery Grade Propylene (RGP) and mixed C₄₊ stream, both which can be sold for credit. Ethane product stream from C₂ splitter bottoms is recycled to second stage of the OCM reactor to complete extinction. Polymer grade ethylene product (99.96 wt % ethylene) obtained from the C₂ splitter overhead is compressed to 1,000 psig and exported as vapor product. A stream factor of 0.95 is used (equal to an installed capacity of 1,059,000 metric tons/yr).

The OCM process generates superheated high pressure (˜1500 psia) steam that is used to run process gas compressors, refrigeration compressors, ethylene heat pump/product compressors, and major pumps. The remainder of the steam and small portion of recycle methane (purge gas) can be exported to combined cycle/gas turbine system to generate power. The OCM process has an energy intensity of −0.89 MMBTU/MT ethylene, while the energy intensity of a comparably sized steam cracking of ethane process is about 31.89 MMBTU/MT.

The reactor consists of a 2-stage adiabatic axial fixed bed with intermediate heat recovery via high-pressure steam generation. The methane stream recycled from the demethanizer overhead becomes the main OCM reactor feed. In both stages high purity oxygen is mixed with the hydrocarbon stream in a proportion of approximately 1:10 on a molar basis to achieve the optimal O₂-limited composition for the OCM reaction.

In the OCM reactor, the catalyst enables the partial and highly selective conversion of methane to, primarily, ethylene and ethane, with minor amounts of propylene and propane. Non-selective pathways include high temperature hydrocarbon reactions, such as combustion, reforming and shift. The second stage of the reactor is designed to accommodate an ethane conversion zone immediately downstream of the catalytic bed. Ethane recycled from the deethanizer and, optionally, additional fresh ethane feed are injected into this reactor section where ethane undergoes highly selective adiabatic thermal de-hydrogenation to ethylene.

The OCM reactor effluent flows through a series of heat exchangers to achieve optimal heat recovery and final condensation at ambient temperature, prior to being sent to the Process Gas Compressor (PGC). The natural gas feed stream is mixed with the OCM reactor effluent at the PGC delivery. Gas treating, including CO₂ removal and drying, follows the compression operation. The product recovery train consists of a demethanizer, deethanizer, acetylene converter and C₂ splitter configuration where the refrigeration and heat integration scheme is designed to optimize heat recovery and minimize power consumption. The product streams comprise of polymer grade ethylene and a C₃₊ mixed stream, similar in composition to Refinery Grade Propylene (RGP), which can be optionally further separated and purified. The C₁ recycle stream leaving the demethanizer head is sent to a conventional methanation unit where all CO and a portion of the CO₂ product react with hydrogen to form methane. The integration of the methanation unit into the overall process design is instrumental to maximize the carbon efficiency of the OCM technology.

The OCM process design is energy neutral. The OCM reaction heat is utilized to provide mechanical power to the rotating units required for compression and pumping. The OCM process gets pure oxygen from an adjacent Air Separation Unit (ASU) which also houses a Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC). The GTCC unit is fed with the purge gas extracted from the demethanizer overhead and provides all the mechanical power and steam required by the ASU.

The final products are 1,000,000 metric tons per annum of polymer grade ethylene and 88,530 metric tons per annum of C₃₊ hydrocarbons. The C₃₊ hydrocarbons are sent to a depropanizer to obtain refinery grade propylene (65% propylene) as distillate.

Example 2 Design Basis of OCM Implementation

The feedstock streams can include a natural gas stream, which supplies the process with the methane and ethane for conversion into ethylene, an oxygen stream, to be supplied by the dedicated Air Separation Unit (ASU) section, an optional ethane stream, which provides extra ethane (in addition to that contained in the natural gas feed) for conversion into ethylene.

As shown in FIG. 21, the ethylene product plant comprises four sections including an OCM reaction section 2100 (comprising methanation, OCM and heat recover), a process gas compression and treating section 2105 (comprising PGC, CO2 removal and drying), a product separation and recovery section 2110 (comprising demethanizer, deethanizer, C₂ splitter and de-propanizer) and a refrigeration system 2115 (comprising propylene and ethylene). The process takes in natural gas 2120, which can be desulfurized. The process can take in oxygen 2125 from an air separation unit. Ethane can be added externally 2130 or as part of a C₂ recycle 2135. The purge gas 2140 can contain C₁ compounds and can be recycled 2145. Products can include ethylene 2150, C₄₊ compounds 2155 and RGP 2160.

Unlike at least some syngas based production processes, the present process is flexible in terms of quality and composition required for the natural gas stream. For example, the process can handle an extremely wide range of natural gas liquids concentration, in particular ethane. None of the typical contaminants present in natural gas, including sulfur, represents a poison for the OCM catalyst. Prior to entering the process, the natural gas feed is treated for sulfur removal in order to prevent contamination of the process outputs and sulfur accumulation in the process. The desulfurization scheme adopted is hydrotreating in a Co/Mo catalyst bed followed by adsorption on a zinc oxide bed. Depending on the actual sulfur content and composition, the adsorption bed may be the only operation. Alternatively other conventional methods of sulfur removal may be used.

The source of the oxygen for the OCM reaction can be air or pure oxygen or any enriched air stream. The presence and concentration of nitrogen may not impact the performances of the OCM reactor system. However, under certain conditions, utilizing pure oxygen as delivered by a conventional Air Separation Unit may minimize the overall process production costs at large scale. Alternatively, enriched air produced via a PSA or air sourced via a compressor may provide the optimal economic solution under other large scale applications.

The OCM reactor has the capability of efficiently processing separate streams of methane and ethane. In the process, the methane stream comes from the demethanizer overhead while the ethane stream, which includes both the unconverted ethane and the ethane contained in the natural gas feed, comes from the deethanizer bottom. Depending on the actual ethane content in natural gas there may be additional ethane processing capacity available in the OCM reactor, which can be saturated with a fresh ethane feed directly mixed with the ethane recycle.

In the particular US Gulf Coast based case presented herein, the natural gas feed is relatively lean (˜4.5% mol ethane), thus additional ethane feed is considered to exploit the available reactor capacity and optimize the overall process economics.

A generic process layout for an ethylene plant based on information described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0012053 and PCT Patent Application No. US/2013/042480, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The process configurations presented herein are illustrative of a commercial system designed to produce high purity (e.g., 99.96 wt % purity) ethylene via oxidative coupling of methane.

As described in Example 1, the plant is sized to produce at least 1,000,000 metric ton/year (2,214 million lb/yr) of polymer grade ethylene at an on-stream factor of 0.95. Hence, the annual installed capacity is equivalent to 1,059,000 metric t/year (2,330 million lb/yr). The plant also produces 61,185 metric ton/year of refinery grade (65%) propylene and 27,345 metric ton/year of C₄₊ compounds. The reactor system is a 2-stage adiabatic axial fixed bed with intermediate heat recovery via high pressure steam generation; OCM nanowire catalyst with bed height=8.3 ft.; 12″ refractory lining; 2^(nd) stage bottom section used for ethane cracking; and a 2-stage adiabatic methanation unit to convert CO and CO₂ recycle into methane. The feedstock is pipeline natural gas, 99.5% oxygen (fed in 1:10 molar basis with hydrocarbon stream), and make-up ethane. The operating conditions include OCM reactor inlet conditions: 540° C. (1004° F.), 131 psia; OCM reactor exit temperature: 830° C. (1525° F.); and methanation reactor inlet conditions: 200° C. (392° F.), 161 psia. The overall conversion is 21.5%, which includes conversion of methane and ethane to all reaction products across the OCM reactor. The carbon efficiency is 71% for the ISBL process (specifies carbon utilization for all ISBL units) and 64% overall (includes energy consumption to run OSBL units (mainly ASU)). The selectivity for each reaction product across the OCM reactor is: 55.9% for C₂H₄; 2.2% for C₃H₆; 9.7% for CO; 31.3% for CO_(2;) and 0.9% for others.

Example 3 Catalyst Preparation and Catalyst Life

The catalyst is made according to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/115,082, 13/479,767, 13/689,514 13/757,036 and 13/689,611, and PCT/US2014/028040 filed on Mar. 14, 2014, each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. The catalyst is based upon mixed metal oxide catalysts. In some cases, the mixed metal oxide catalysts are comprised of nanowires, mixtures of nanowires and bulk metal oxides, or bulk catalysts. The OCM catalysts can be synthesized via a reaction similar to a standard co-precipitation reaction that takes place in an aqueous solution. The catalysts are then filtered out of the solution, and the resulting solids are calcined.

In order to produce a commercial catalyst, the calcined powder is then mixed with catalyst diluents and binders and formed into commercial forms. Catalyst forming tools are then used to form the combined powder, diluents, and binders into solid cylinders (or other shapes, such as spheres, rings, etc.) with the requisite strength and performance requirements. See, e.g., WO2013177461, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. Such forming can take place via extrusion or tableting or other conventional catalyst forming techniques. FIG. 22 shows an image of the formed cylindrical commercial OCM catalyst. FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 show Scanning Electron Microscope images of a magnified portion of the commercial catalyst. FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 show the entire, formed catalyst with nanowires incorporated along with diluents and binders. The white bar in each of the figures designates a scale bar of 5 micrometers (microns).

Under the operating conditions described within this application, an OCM catalyst is stable, with a minimum lifetime of at least 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, 10 years, or 20 years. An OCM catalyst can be regenerated in-situ or regenerated ex-situ. Alternatively, instead of regeneration, an OCM catalyst can be unloaded and returned to the catalyst manufacturer. There, it can be recycled to reclaim its constituent elemental components, or, alternatively, disposed of.

Example 4 OCM Reactors and Reaction Systems

The OCM reactor contains two reaction zones. The entire reactor is a refractory-lined adiabatic reactor. The first reaction zone contains a fixed OCM catalyst bed, to convert methane into ethylene. This is called the methane conversion zone. In the lower section of the reactor, ethane is injected to homogeneously convert ethane to ethylene utilizing the heat generated during methane conversion. This is called the ethane conversion zone. The introduction of reactants into the OCM reactor system is achieved using, extremely low residence time gas mixers. This allows the reactants to be introduced at elevated temperatures, without participating in non-selective side reactions.

In the adiabatic OCM reactor system, the temperature is allowed to rise within a reactor stage through the catalytic bed (methane conversion zone), from approximately 440° C., 450° C. ,460° C., 470° C., 480° C., 490° C., 500° C., 510° C., 520° C., 530° C., 540° C., 550° C., 560° C., 570° C., 580° C., 590° C., or 600° C. at the inlet to about 850° C., 860° C., 870° C., 880° C., 890° C., 900° C., 910° C., 920° C., 930° C. at the outlet of the bed. Ethane at a lower inlet temperature (about 400° C-650° C.) is injected into the ethane conversion zone to allow for additional non-oxidative dehydrogenation to take place thereby cooling the reactor effluent. A representative temperature profile of the entire reactor is shown in FIG. 25. The reactor has a methane conversion section (e.g., for OCM) and an ethane conversion section (e.g., for conversion of ethane to ethylene).

In some cases, performance of the process in terms of overall carbon efficiency is higher than that of the OCM reactor alone. The higher carbon efficiency derives from the presence of the catalytic methanation operation, which converts all CO and a portion of the CO₂ product back to methane by utilizing the hydrogen generated in the thermal ethane conversion zone of the OCM reactor.

The methanation unit is a 2-stage adiabatic reaction system, which adopts the same or similar process technology used for Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production from syngas. The methanation section is designed to maximize hydrogen consumption and, thus, CO and CO₂ recovery to methane. Alternative process configurations may include the use of an isothermal reactor in place of the 2-stage adiabatic system.

The design basis also illustrates the impact of the outside battery limits (OSBL) units (mainly the Air Separation Unit) on the overall carbon and energy balance. In the process the purge gas from the demethanizer overhead fuels the GTCC unit, which is used to provide the mechanical power required by the ASU and make the entire process energy neutral.

With reference to FIGS. 26-31, the OCM Reaction System includes two conversion operations: i) the 2-stage OCM Reactor (R-101A&B 2650 and R-102A&B 2651) that converts the methane and ethane recycle streams into ethylene; and ii) the 2-stage Methanation Reactor (R-103 2652 & R-104 2653) that converts the CO and H₂ present in the methane recycle (and some additional CO₂) into methane. A series of feed-product economizers, steam generator and super-heater, BFW pre-heater and cooling water exchangers is also included in this process area to provide optimal heat recovery

The methane recycle feed stream 2621 coming from the Demethanizer head is first pre-heated to 116° C. (240° F.) in the cross exchanger (E-110) 2661 with the hot effluent from the 2^(nd) stage of OCM reactor and then further heated to approximately 200° C. (392° F.) in the Methanator Feed/Product Exchanger (E-101) 2654. This methane stream is then sent to 1^(st) stage (R-103) 2652 of the methanation unit where CO is almost completely converted to methane in presence of an excess of hydrogen. Methanation is an exothermic reaction limited by equilibrium and it is carried out over a suitable hydrogenation catalyst in a fixed bed adiabatic reactor. R-103 2652 effluent 2602 is cooled in E-101 2654 against R-103 2652 feed, mixed with additional CO₂ coming from CO₂ removal unit and then fed to the 2^(nd) stage (R-104) 2653 of methanation. In R-104, H₂ is the limiting reactant and is almost completely converted in the reaction.

R-104 effluent 2603 is further pre-heated in the Hot Gas-Gas Exchanger (E-102) 2655 to achieve the OCM reactor inlet temperature of 540° C. (1004° F.). It is then fed to the 1^(st) stage (R-101) 2650 of the OCM Reactor to undergo OCM conversion to ethylene. In R-101 2650 the pre-heated methane feed stream is mixed with the part of the oxygen supplied by the Air Separation Unit 2605. The mixed feed flows over the OCM catalytic bed and leaves R-101 2650 at a temperature of approximately 830° C. (1525° F.). The reaction heat generated in the 1^(st) stage is recovered in the steam generator (E-103) 2656 by generating high pressure (1500 psia) steam. The high pressure stream from E-103 2656 is further superheated to 476° C. (889° F.) in exchanger E-104 2657.

R-101 2650 effluent is then fed to the 2^(nd) stage (R-102 A&B) 2651 of the OCM reactor. It is again mixed with oxygen and fed to the OCM catalyst to carry out the OCM reactions. The ethane feed stream 2606 comprising of the ethane recycle 2634 from the C₂ splitter bottoms and make-up ethane 2601 is first preheated in the Ethane Gas-Gas Exchanger (E-107 2658) and then injected into the bottom section of R-102 2651 immediately downstream of the OCM catalytic bed to undergo thermal de-hydrogenation to ethylene.

R-102 2651 effluent at approximately 830° C. (1528° F.) is sent to the Steam Generator and Super-Heater Unit, E-106 2657, respectively where the reaction heat generated in the 2^(nd) stage is optimally recovered. The product stream leaving E-106 2657 flows through the Ethane and the Hot Gas-Gas Exchangers, prior to entering the Boiler Feed Water (BFW) Pre-Heater (E-108) 2659. The low temperature fraction of the reaction heat is recovered first in the BFW Pre-Heater E-108 2659 and then in the Steam Condensate Pre-Heater E-109 2660. The product gas leaving 2660 flows into the Cold Gas-Gas Exchanger (E-110) 2661 prior to injection into the Quench Tower-I (C-101) 2662.

In the Quench Column (C-101) 2662, the product gas is further cooled to ambient temperature and a significant portion of the water produced in the OCM reactors is condensed and separated as Process Condensates 2608. The C-101 2662 overhead gas stream 2607 is sent to

Process Gas Compression and Treating. Example 5 OCM Process Gas Compression and Treating

The process gas compressor discharge pressure is set to 540 psia to maintain the downstream process gas circuit to a single train with column and vessel sizes limited to a maximum 25 feet diameter. However, the demethanizer can operate as low as 175 psia. This can significantly reduce process gas compression requirements, but requires parallel process gas treatment and demethanizer unit trains and larger propylene and ethylene refrigerant systems. All tradeoffs between capital expense (CAPEX) and operating expense (OPEX) are resolved in a manner that maximizes overall financial return.

Process gas is treated to remove carbon dioxide and water to 0.5 ppmv prior to cryogenic separations using a monoethanol amine-based unit followed by a two-stage caustic wash. Molecular sieve dryers are utilized to remove all moisture from the treated process gas.

With reference to FIGS. 26-31, the Process Gas Compression & Treating section is comprised of four main units: i) The 2-stage (K-201A&B 2665 and K-202 2666) Process Gas Compressors (PGC); ii) a natural gas desulfurization unit 2667; iii) the CO₂ removal Unit 2668, including an amine-based absorber and a caustic wash column (G-201); and iv) a drying unit based on molecular sieves absorption (M-201 A-C) 2669.

Process gas from the Quench Column C-101 2662 is compressed in the 2-stage PGC unit (K-201 2665 & 202 2666) to a final pressure of 540 psia. The compressed process gas delivered by K-202 2666 is mixed with the desulfurized natural gas feed stream 2615 and sent to the Amine system unit (G-201) 2668. Pipeline natural gas is first sent through a knockout (KO) drum (V-201) 2670, pre-heated to 260° C. (500° F.) in exchanger (E-201) 2671 against the hot desulfurization reactor (R-201) 2672 effluent 2615 and further heated to 316° C. (600° F.) in a process furnace (F-201) 2673 before entering R-201 2672. The reactor R-201 2672 consists of two beds: the top bed consists of a standard Co/Mo catalyst to convert the sulfur species to H₂S and a bottom ZnO bed to adsorb it. The treated natural gas is sent through a turboexpander (S-201) 2674 to recover some energy.

The rich amine stream leaving the amine absorber bottom is first flashed at an intermediate pressure in the CO₂ Flash Drum. The CO₂ vapors leaving flash drum 2617 are sent to the methanation unit, as described in the previous section. The liquid bottoms leaving flash drum are heated against the lean amine from the Amine Regeneration Columns in the Lean-Rich Solution Exchanger. Medium pressure steam is used to provide the necessary heat for the Regeneration Columns Reboilers. The Regeneration column overhead vapor is cooled and then washed with process water to remove any residual amines prior to CO₂ venting 2618 to atmosphere. The overhead process gas from the CO₂ Absorber is further treated in the Caustic Wash Column, which consists of two stages (rich and lean caustic wash), followed by water-wash stage. The treated process gas from Caustic Wash Column 2616 is cooled in exchangers, E-204 2675 and E-205 2676, against the methane recycle 2623 and H2 recycle 2624 streams from the demethanizer, respectively, and then separated in the Knock-Out Drum V-202 2677. The methane recycle streams after exchanging heat through E-204 2675, receives part of the H₂ recycle and the PSA purge stream 2631, before being split into the purge gas stream 2620 and C₁ recycle stream 2621. The purge gas can be sold for credit or alternatively sent to the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) unit housed in an adjacent Air Separation Unit (ASU) to generate mechanical power. Part of the H₂ recycle stream is sent to the PSA unit 2622 to recover hydrogen for NG desulfurization in R-201 2672 and Acetylene dehydrogenation in R-301.

The process gas leaving V-202 2677 is then fed to the Molecular Sieve Gas Dryers (M-201A-C) 2669 where all moisture present in the vapors is removed. The dried process gas is then routed to product separation and recovery.

Example 6 OCM Process Gas Separations

The cryogenic separation section of this example utilizes demethanizer and deethanizer technology, but refrigeration is supplemented by expansion-cooling of the olefin-rich process gas as explained in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/739,954, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. By utilizing these methods, the amount of refrigeration provided by propylene and ethylene can be reduced, which provides substantial energy savings.

The treated process gas is separated through a demethanizer, deethanizer, ethylene fractionator (C₂ splitter) and de-propanizer. Treated process gas is cooled using the demethanizer unit overhead product streams and side reboiler and the remainder of the cooling duty is provided by propylene and ethylene refrigeration. The demethanizer recovers 99% of the contained ethylene. The bottoms of the demethanizer are sent to the deethanizer. The overall heat integration scheme for the demethanizer cooling is an aspect of the present disclosure. It includes the adoption of a split vapor process scheme, where a portion of the demethanizer overhead vapor is compressed and then expanded to provide the necessary reflux to the demethanizer. The remaining vapor streams are sent to a turbo-expander to recover refrigeration value and then recycled to the OCM reactor.

The balance between the demethanizer operating pressure, the amount of cooling produced by the internal split vapor scheme and the amount of refrigeration provided by external units constitutes an area of optimization for the trade-off between CAPEX and OPEX. The deethanizer unit is a separation column designed for an ethane recovery of 99 mol %. Deethanizer unit bottoms stream is further fractionated in a de-propanizer to recover a Refinery Grade Propylene (RGP) product stream and a C₄ mix product stream.

The deethanizer overhead stream is treated for acetylene and fed to the C₂ splitter, a heat pumped fractionator system. The overhead vapor is compressed and used to provide hot vapor for the reboiler. Liquid from the reboiler is then used to provide refrigerant for the condenser. The C₂ splitter can have a few trays that serve as a pasteurizing section to remove most of the hydrogen or other inerts that enter the C₂ splitter unit from the acetylene converter. The C₂ splitter can recover 99% of the contained ethylene with a purity of 99.95 mol %. The bottoms product is ethane and is recycled back to ethane conversion section of the OCM reactor.

With reference to FIGS. 26-31, the process gas stream 2619 leaving the Gas Dryers M-201A-C 2669 is routed to the first cold box E-301 2678 and cooled against a series of cold streams coming from the Demethanizer system and from the external refrigeration units. The cooled gas stream leaving E-301 2678 is fed to the Demethanizer Column C-301 2679, where the C₂₊ compounds are separated from the lighter components of the process gas (primarily CH₄, CO and H₂). The Demethanizer Column overhead products 2624 and 2625 are re-heated against the Demethanizer Column feed and recycled to the OCM Reaction System.

The overhead reflux necessary for the proper operation of the Demethanizer Column C-301 2679 is generated via a refrigeration process scheme, referred to as the Recycle Split Vapor Unit (G-301) 2680 that minimizes the need for external refrigeration input. The C-301 2679 bottom stream 2626 consists of ethane, ethylene, acetylene and a small fraction (˜5.4%) of heavier (C₃₊) components. This liquid stream is sent to the Deethanizer Column (C-302) 2681. The Deethanizer Column (C-302) 2681 separates the C₃₊ components in the C-302 2681 feed from the C₂ components with minimum loss of ethylene in the C₃₊ stream. C-302 2681 bottoms stream 2627 represents the mixed C₃₊ product stream which is sent to a Depropanizer (C-304) 2682. Refinery grade propylene (RGP) (˜65% propene) is obtained as C-304 2682 distillate stream 2635 and is sent to the appropriate distribution system to obtain by-product credit. Similarly, C-304 2682 bottoms stream 2636 contains a mixed C₄₊ stream that can be sold.

The C-302 2681 overhead stream is cooled in a partial condenser (E-304) 2683 using propene refrigeration. Liquid condensate is sent as reflux to C-302 2681. C-302 2681 overhead vapor product 2628 is then heated in E-302 2684 and routed to a two-stage acetylene hydrogenation reactor R-301 2685 where all acetylene is hydrogenated to ethylene and ethane.

A pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit (G-302) 2686 is installed on a slip stream of the demethanizer overhead vapors to produce the high-purity hydrogen stream required by the acetylene hydrogenation reactor (R-301) 2685. The acetylene reactor operates at low temperatures (100° F. Start of run and 150° F. End of run) using a selective palladium catalyst to convert acetylene to ethylene and ethane. R-301 2685 effluent 2632 is cooled and sent to the Ethylene Splitter (C-303) 2687. C-303 2687 produces a 99.96 wt % pure ethylene overhead product 2633 and a 99% pure ethane stream 2634 as bottoms. A cold box (E-306) 2688 serves as the C-303 2687 condenser and reboiler. A heat pump compressor K-302 2689 provides hot ethylene vapor to the C-303 reboiler after looping once through the condenser. The condensed ethylene liquid from the reboiler is used in the C-303 condenser.

The high-pressure ethylene product 2633 from K-302 2689 is sent to the relevant distribution system. The C-303 bottoms 2634 are recycled to OCM reaction and injected into the 2^(nd) stage R-102 2651 of the OCM Reactor.

Example 7 Refrigeration and Steam Generation

The system consists of propylene and ethylene refrigeration systems. Propylene refrigeration system is a three-stage refrigeration system, with three different coolant levels, as illustrated in FIG. 30. Additional utilities are shown in FIG. 31.

Evaporating ethylene from the propylene refrigeration cycle is used to condense the ethylene in the ethylene refrigeration cycle and provide refrigerant to the deethanizer overhead condenser (E-304 2683) and the demethanizer cold box (E-301 2678).

Ethylene refrigeration system is also a three-stage refrigeration system as illustrated in FIG. 30. This system provides refrigeration to the demethanizer cold box (E-301 2678) and to the Recycle Split Vapor Unit (RSV 2680).

Superheated, high pressure (HP) steam (1500 psia, 889° F.) generated by the OCM process is used to drive the process gas compressor, the demethanizer overhead compressor, the refrigeration compressors, the ethylene fractionator heat pump and product compressors, half of cooling water and boiler feed water pumps (in offsites), and is fed to medium pressure (MP, 165 psia) and low pressure (LP, 50 psia) reboilers after proper flashing and de-superheating. Any remaining steam can be exported to the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) unit housed in an adjacent Air Separation Unit (ASU) that provides 99.5% O₂ for the OCM reaction. A purge gas stream is also sent to the GTCC unit to generate the mechanical power required by the ASU unit. In this review, excess steam and purge gas account for utility and by-product credit, respectively

Example 8 Stream Compositions

Table 1 shows the total flow-rate and flow rates of selected molecular entities (e.g., Hydrogen and Argon) for select streams of the example process. Stream numbers correspond to those of Examples 4-7 and FIGS. 26-31.

TABLE 1 Stream flow rates 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Stream # 27.5 3238.1 581.1 3264.1 209.0 843.6 8304.9 2792.4 2694.7 65.8 Total (1000 lb/hr) 0.0 1908.7 0.0 1908.7 0.0 0.0 1909.0 2348.8 2320.7 0.0 Methane 0.0 269.0 0.0 268.9 2.7 0.0 268.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethylene 0.0 102.8 0.0 102.8 202.6 0.0 102.7 2.5 2.5 62.0 Ethane 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acetylene 0.0 10.4 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propene 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 3.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.8 Propane 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 C₄₊ Compounds 27.5 12.9 581.0 39.0 0.0 0.0 620.0 123.1 58.7 0.0 H₂O 0.0 37.7 0.0 37.7 0.0 0.0 37.6 2.0 16.2 0.0 Hydrogen 0.0 47.7 0.0 47.7 0.0 1.1 47.7 46.6 46.6 0.0 Argon 0.0 252.9 0.0 252.9 0.0 3.0 252.9 249.9 249.9 0.0 Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 839.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oxygen 0.0 93.6 0.0 93.6 0.0 0.0 93.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 CO 0.0 493.9 0.0 493.9 0.0 0.0 493.5 19.2 0.0 0.0 CO₂ 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Stream # 45.3 3174.1 424.4 97.7 3181.9 460.1 458.5 457.9 5.1 3691.5 Total (1000 lb/hr) 0.0 2303.4 0.0 0.0 2303.4 395.0 394.7 394.7 0.0 2303.4 Methane 0.0 269.0 0.0 0.0 269.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 269.0 Ethylene 0.0 138.7 0.0 0.0 138.7 35.9 35.9 35.9 0.0 138.7 Ethane 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 Acetylene 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 Propene 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.1 0.0 5.5 Propane 0.0 7.3 0.0 0.0 7.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 0.0 7.3 C₄₊ Compounds 0.0 0.0 12.1 1.3 7.9 1.2 0.0 0.0 5.1 7.9 H₂O 1.1 38.2 0.0 0.0 38.2 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 38.2 Hydrogen 6.7 47.7 0.0 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.7 Argon 0.0 256.6 0.0 0.0 256.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 0.0 256.6 Nitrogen 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oxygen 0.0 93.6 0.0 0.0 93.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.6 CO 35.2 0.0 412.4 96.4 0.0 15.7 15.7 15.7 0.0 509.6 CO₂ 2030 2029 2028 2027 2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Stream # 0.5 0.4 408.8 23.5 432.2 647.7 2094.2 6.1 34.5 2694.7 Total (1000 lb/hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 488.9 1814.5 0.0 26.1 2268.5 Methane 0.0 0.0 266.6 0.0 266.6 0.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.4 Ethylene 0.0 0.0 138.5 0.2 138.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethane 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acetylene 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propene 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propane 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C₄₊ Compounds 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 H₂O 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.1 20.2 0.0 1.0 36.0 Hydrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.9 32.8 0.0 0.8 46.6 Argon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.8 163.8 0.0 4.9 249.9 Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.9 60.8 0.0 1.8 91.3 CO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CO₂ 2040 2039 2038 2037 2036 2035 2034 2033 2032 2031 Stream # 130.1 1935.9 427.3 1508.6 7.2 16.2 143.2 266.0 409.2 33.6 Total (1000 lb/hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.1 Methane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 265.9 268.6 0.0 Ethylene 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 140.5 0.0 140.6 0.0 Ethane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Acetylene 130.1 1935.9 427.3 1508.6 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propene 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C₄₊ Compounds 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H₂O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hydrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 Argon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 CO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CO₂ 2046 2045 2044 2043 2042 2041 Stream # 1152.1 300.4 851.7 524.8 326.9 2066.0 Total (1000 lb/hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Methane 1152.1 300.4 851.7 524.8 326.9 0.0 Ethylene 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acetylene 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2066.0 Propene 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Propane 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C₄₊ Compounds 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H₂O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hydrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nitrogen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oxygen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CO₂

Table 2 shows the temperatures for select streams of the example process. Stream numbers correspond to those of Examples 4-7 and FIGS. 26-31.

TABLE 2 Stream temperatures Stream # Temperature (° F.) 2001 100 2002 100 2003 1000 2004 1528 2005 95 2006 1022 2007 100 2008 100 2009 100 2010 100 2011 100 2012 100 2013 100 2014 500 2015 501 2016 102 2017 100 2018 100 2019 55 2020 43 2021 43 2022 40 2023 55 2024 −30 2025 15 2026 −33 2027 145 2028 −17 2029 100 2030 100 2031 100 2032 −9 2033 100 2034 −33 2035 126 2036 100 2937 −52 2938 −7 2039 139 2040 59 2041 192 2042 −154 2043 −120 2044 −22 2045 −94 2046 83

Example 9 Equipment, Materials of Construction and Utilities

The material of construction for the different process units shown in FIGS. 26-31 is tabulated in the major equipment list (Tables 3-8). Carbon steel material can be used for construction of at least some or most of the process equipment as the reaction medium is not corrosive. The distillation column shell and, heat exchanger shells can be constructed out of carbon steel (C.S.) or stainless steel (SS). Distillation column internals are made of stainless steel whereas the reactor shells are constructed of carbon steel. The Transfer Line Exchangers used for high pressure steam are made of Mo-Alloy steel.

The process gas compression and treatment section has two pumps and two spares operating at 516 BHP, the product separation and recovery section has four pumps and four spares operating at 1714 BHP, the refrigeration section has one pump and one spare operating at 128 BHP.

TABLE 3 Reactors and materials of construction Material of Name Number Size Construction Remarks OCM reactor 111- 19 ft. shell: C.S. 2 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing Stage-I R101 dia 15 ft. trays: 304 SS Reactor Bed: H = 8.3 ft., D = 17 ft.; 12″ T-T refractory lining OCM reactor 111- 19 ft. shell: C.S. 4 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing Stage-II R102 dia 22 ft. trays: 304 SS Reactor Bed: H = 8.3 ft., D = 17 ft.; 12″ T-T refractory lining, Post Bed Cracking bed height = 7 ft Methanation 111- 18 ft. shell: C.S. 2 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing Stage-I R103 dia 20 ft. trays: 304 SS Reactor bed: H = 15 ft. T-T Methanation 111- 18 ft. shell: C.S. 2 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing Stage-II R104 dia 20 ft. trays: 304 SS Reactor bed: H = 15 ft. T-T NG 180- 13 ft. shell: C.S. 4 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing desulfurization D802A dia 38 ft. trays: 304 SS Top reaction bed: H = 6.4 ft. Bottom zinc T-T oxide filter bed: H = 26 ft. Acetylene 171- 12 ft. shell: C.S. 2 sieve trays, 24 inch spacing hydrogenation R711 dia reactor 20 ft. trays: 304 SS Reactor bed: H = 15 ft. T-T

TABLE 4 Columns and materials of construction Material of Name Number Size Construction Remarks Process Gas 111- 32 ft. shell: C.S. 10 sieve trays, 12 inch spacing Quench tower-I D109 dia 40 ft. trays: 304 SS Process Gas 120- 25 ft. shell: C.S. 10 sieve trays, 12 inch spacing Quench tower-II D202 dia 35 ft. trays: 304 SS Process Gas 120- 20 ft. shell: C.S. 10 sieve trays, 12 inch spacing Quench tower-III D203 dia 30 ft. trays: 304 SS Demethanizer 150- 18 ft. shell: S.S. 60 valve trays, 24 inch spacing T501 dia 155 ft.  trays: 304 SS Top section: D = 18 ft., H = 35 ft., 15 trays; Bottom section: D = 12 ft., H = 120 ft., 45 trays Deethanizer 170- 11 ft. shell: S.S. 40 sieve trays, 12 inch spacing T701 dia 60 ft. trays: 304 SS C₂ splitter 160- 20 ft. shell: C.S. 110 sieve trays, 12 inch spacing T601 dia 140 ft.  trays: 304 SS Depropanizer 190- 3.5 ft. shell: C.S. 20 valve trays, 24 inch spacing T801 dia 50 ft. trays: 304 SS

TABLE 5 Compressors and materials of construction Name Number Size Remarks Process Gas compressor 120-C202/C203 63,500 bhp STEAM turbine Stage-I (EACH) Process Gas compressor 120-C204 68,930 bhp STEAM turbine Stage-II PSA feed compressor 172-C721  4,700 bhp electric motor Ethylene Product 160-C601 29,390 bhp 3-stage compressor; steam turbine Compressor Propylene Compressor 175-C751 58,500 bhp 3 stage compressor; steam turbine Ethylene Compressor 176-C761 30,360 bhp Includes 3-stage compressor with intercoolers; steam turbine

All of the compressors in Table 5 are constructed from carbon steel.

TABLE 6 Heat exchangers and materials of construction Material of Name Number Size Construction Comments Methane recycle 111-E101 47,300 sq. ft. shell: C.S. heater-I 252.3 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Methanation product 111-E102 109,720 sq. ft. shell: C.S. heater (EACH) 1,083 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr OCM-I product 111-E103A/B 16,200 sq. ft. shell: Mo alloy Transfer Line Exchanger; cooler-I (EACH) steel generates 1500 psia steam 1,330 tubes: Mo alloy MMBtu/hr steel OCM-I product 111-E103C 24,500 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Superheats 1500 psia cooler-II steam to 890° F. 443.5 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr OCM-II product 111-E104A/B 21,900 sq. ft. shell: Mo alloy Transfer Line Exchanger; cooler-I (EACH) steel generates 1500 psia steam 995 tubes: Mo alloy MMBtu/hr steel OCM-II product 111-E104C 15,990 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Superheats 1500 psia cooler-II steam to 890° F. 324.4 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Ethane recycle heater 111-E105 20,700 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 163.6 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr OCM-II product 111-E106 37,325 sq. ft. shell: C.S. cooler-III (EACH) 531.8 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr OCM-II product 111-E107 42,450 sq. ft. shell: C.S. cooler-IV 271 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Methane recycle 111-E108 42,480 sq. ft. shell: C.S. heater-II (EACH) 297.9 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Quench tower-I 111-E109 40,700 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Plate and frame cooler (EACH) exchanger 609.9 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr NG feed heater-I HRSG 35,100 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Coil 132.4 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Quench tower-II 120-D202 52,750 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Plate and frame cooler exchanger 292.3 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr Quench tower-III 120-D203 57,530 sq. ft. shell: C.S. Plate and frame cooler exchanger 267.7 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr CO₂ lean gas cooler-I 145-E301 18,250 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 81.67 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr CO₂ lean gas cooler-II 145-E302 8,500 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 9.27 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Demethanizer feed 150-E501 shell: Low temp Custom cold box, cooler C.S. Weight: 44,300 lbs; W: 4.5 ft., H: 5.8 ft. and L: 22 ft. tubes: low temp C.S. Acetylene reactor feed 171-E711 30,970 sq. ft. shell: C.S. heater 21.44 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Acetylene reactor 171-E712 4,230 sq. ft. shell: C.S. prod cooler 9.29 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr Deetha OVHD 170-E701 22,820 sq. ft. shell: C.S. condenser 30.7 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr Deethanizer reboiler 170-E702 7,900 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 73.6 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr C₂ splitter cold box 160-E601/603 shell: C.S. Includes C₂ splitter tubes: C.S. condenser and reboiler; Weight: 57,465 lbs; W: 4.5 ft., H: 6 ft. and l: 27.6 ft. Depropanizer OVHD 190-E801 3,350 sq. ft. shell: C.S. condenser 3.85 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr Depropanizer reboiler 190-E802 2,280 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 5.97 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr C₄₊ product cooler 190-E803 350 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 0.7 tubes: C.S. MMBtu/hr Propylene cooler 175-E751 48,275 sq. ft. shell: C.S. (EACH) 363.6 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr Ethylene cooler 178-E781 49,030 sq. ft. shell: C.S. 240.9 tubes: 304 SS MMBtu/hr

TABLE 7 Tanks and materials of construction (stainless steel shell for demethanizer and deethanizer Name Number Size 50% Caustic Storage 900-T901 95,000 gal Spent Caustic Holdup 900-T902 115,000 gal Amine Dump Tank 900-T903 150,000 gal Amine Make-up storage 900-T904 4,000 gal C₄₊ product storage 900-T905 35,000 gal

TABLE 8 Pressure vessels and materials of construction (stainless steel shell for demethanizer and deethanizer Name Number Size NG feed KO drum 180-D801 4,030 gal Process Gas KO drum 145-D301 33,089 gal Deethanizer reflux drum 170-D701 11,037 gal Depropanizer reflux drum 190-D801 476 gal Propylene collection drum 175-D754 39,657 gal Propylene Flash Drum-I 175-D751 47,000 gal Propylene Flash Drum-II 175-D752 19,829 gal Propylene Flash drum-III 175-D753 91,800 gal Ethylene collection drum 176-D764 23,460 gal Ethylene Flash drum-I 176-D761 20,305 gal Ethylene Flash drum-II 176-D762 15,640 gal Ethylene Flash drum-III 176-D763 28,865 gal

In addition, the process has: a natural gas heater (F-201) 2673 sized 35 MMBTU/HR made of carbon steel; three process gas driers (M-201 A-C) 2669 each having a capacity of 34,300 gallons made of carbon steel and having molecular sieve beds including all peripheral equipment and one spare column; a treated natural gas expander (S-201) 2674 of 4200 HP and made of carbon steel; a CO2 removal unit (G-201) 2668 made of carbon steel and sized to 11.5 MMSCFD CO2 including an amine scrubber, regeneration, caustic scrubber and peripheral units; a recycle split vapor (RSV) unit (G-301) 2680 made of carbon steel and including a cold box (Width: 4 ft., Height: 5.8 ft. and Length: 14.2 ft.), a compressor, two turboexpanders, and two knockout drums; and a H2 pressure swing adsorption unit (G-302) 2686 made of carbon steel and having a size of 4.36 MMSCFD.

The utilities consumed by the process shown in FIGS. 26-31 are tabulated in Tables 9-10). Table 9 shows the average consumption of the utilities and Table 10 shows peak demands imposed upon the utilities. The utilities are scaled to be able to satisfy both average demands and peak demands.

TABLE 9 Average utility consumption Battery OCM Compression Separation Limits Reaction & Treatment and Recovery Refrigeration Units Total System System System Section Cooling Water gpm 244,172 61,088 145,346 1,317 36,421 Natural Gas MM 47 N/A 47 N/A N/A Btu/hr Steam, 150 M lb/hr 1,030 N/A 1,030 N/A N/A psig Steam, 860 M lb/hr 1,726 N/A N/A 625 1,101 psig Steam, 1500 M lb/hr 2,963 N/A 2,920 43 — psig Steam, 150 M lb/hr −1,225 N/A N/A −625 −600 psig Steam, 860 M lb/hr −1,977 N/A −1,977 N/A N/A psig Steam, 1500 M lb/hr −2,963 −2,963 N/A N/A N/A psig

TABLE 10 Peak utility consumption Battery OCM Compression Separation Limits Reaction & Treatment and Recovery Refrigeration Units Total System System System Section Cooling Water gpm 293,007 73,306 174,416  1,580 43,705 Electricity kW −6,668 N/A 4,428 −11,202 106 Steam, 150 M lb/hr 1,236 — 1,236 N/A N/A psig Steam, 860 M lb/hr 2,071 — N/A 750 1,321 psig Steam, 1500 M lb/hr 3,556 — 3,504 52 N/A psig

Example 10 Carbon Efficiency

FIG. 33A and FIG. 33B show an exemplary process comprising an OCM unit 3301, a process gas compressor 3302, a process gas cleanup unit 3303, a cryogenic separations unit 3304, a fractionation unit 3305, a methanation unit 3306, and a sulfur-removal unit 3307. An oxygen stream 3311 is fed into the OCM unit, along with a C₁ recycle stream 3314 from the methanation unit and a C₂ recycle stream 3315 from the fractionation unit. A natural gas stream 3312 and an ethane stream 3313 are fed into the sulfur removal unit. Output from the OCM unit and the sulfur removal unit are directed into the process gas compressor, and then into the process gas cleanup unit, which removes a CO₂ stream 3319. The remaining product stream is directed into the cryogenic separations unit, where light components including H₂ and CO or CO₂ are directed into the methanation unit, and the remaining product stream, including ethylene and other C₂₊ compounds, is directed into the fractionation unit. The fractionation unit separates an ethylene stream 3316 and a C₃₊ compound stream 3317 comprising C₃ compounds, C₄ compounds, and C₅₊ compounds, as well as the C₂ recycle 3315 which is directed back to the OCM unit. The methanation unit converts the light components into methane, a first portion of which is recycled 3314 to the OCM unit and a second portion of which is output as sales gas 3318.

The operating flow rates for the input streams are as follows: 20.3 MT/h of oxygen 3311, 16.0 MT/h of natural gas 3312, and 2.9 MT/h of ethane 3313. The operating flow rates for the output streams are as follows: 9.0 MT/h of ethylene 3316, 1.4 MT/h of C₃₊ compounds 3317, 4.3 MT/h of sales gas 3318, and 8.2 MT/h of CO₂ 3319. The corresponding carbon content of the input streams are 972 kmol/h of carbon in the natural gas stream 3312, and 194 kmol/h of carbon in the ethane stream 3313. The corresponding carbon content of the output streams are 642 kmol/h of carbon in the ethylene stream 3316, 96 kmol/h of carbon in the C₃₊ compounds stream 3317, 247 kmol/h of carbon in the sales gas stream 3318, and 181 kmol/h of carbon in the CO₂ stream 3319. Therefore, the amount of carbon input to the system is 1166 kmol/h, and the amount of carbon output from the system in hydrocarbon products (e.g., excluding CO₂) is 985 kmol/h, for a resulting carbon efficiency of 84.5%.

It should be understood from the foregoing that, while particular implementations have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made thereto and are contemplated herein. It is also not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the preferable embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. Various modifications in form and detail of the embodiments of the invention will be apparent to a person skilled in the art. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such modifications, variations and equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

1. A method for performing oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), comprising: (a) directing oxygen (O₂) and methane (CH₄) to an OCM unit that is upstream of a separations unit, wherein said OCM unit is integrated with and in fluid communication with a cracking unit, wherein in said OCM unit, said O₂ and said CH₄ react in an OCM process to yield a product stream comprising compounds with two or more carbon atoms (C₂₊ compounds), including ethylene (C₂H₄); (b) directing at least a portion of said C₂₊ compounds to said cracking unit to yield a first stream having a concentration of C₂H₄ that is increased with respect to said product stream, wherein said at least said portion of said C₂₊ compounds is directed to said cracking unit without passage through said separations unit; and (c) directing said first stream to said separations unit to yield a second stream having a concentration of C₂H₄ that is increased with respect to said first stream, wherein (a)-(c) are performed at a carbon efficiency of at least about 0.50.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising directing one or more alkanes to said cracking unit.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said one or more alkanes are directed to said cracking unit along a stream external to said OCM unit.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said one or more alkanes comprise ethane (C₂H₆).
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said one or more alkanes are included in said product stream.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said cracking unit is substantially adiabatic.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said OCM unit is substantially adiabatic.
 8. (canceled)
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least said portion of said C₂₊ compounds is directed to a treatment unit prior to being directed to said cracking unit.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein an inlet temperature of said OCM unit is at most about 600° C.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said OCM unit comprises a plurality of OCM reactors.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said cracking unit comprises a plurality of cracking vessels.
 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to (c), directing said first stream from said cracking unit into a compressor, which compressor increases a pressure of said first stream.
 14. The method of claim 1, said separations unit in (c) yields a third stream comprising hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO₂) from said first stream or said second stream.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising directing said third stream to a methanation unit to react said H₂ with said CO or CO₂ to form CH₄.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said methanation unit has a methanation catalyst that converts CO or CO₂ into CH₄ at a selectivity for the formation of CH₄ that is at least about 10-fold greater than a selectivity of said catalyst for formation of coke from said CO or CO₂.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising directing at least a portion of said CH₄ from said methanation unit to said OCM unit.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein carbon atoms output as hydrocarbons include at least a portion of said C₂₊ compounds and excludes CO and CO₂.
 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a power generation unit in thermal communication with said OCM unit to generate power from at least a portion of heat liberated by said OCM process.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 90% of energy used to operate said cracking unit and said separations unit is derived from heat liberated by said OCM process. 